Report
INTEGRAL reloaded: Spacecraft, instruments and ground system
| العنوان: | INTEGRAL reloaded: Spacecraft, instruments and ground system |
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| المؤلفون: | Erik Kuulkers, Carlo Ferrigno, Peter Kretschmar, Julia Alfonso-Garzón, Marius Baab, Angela Bazzano, Guillaume Bélanger, Ian Benson, Antony J. Bird, Enrico Bozzo, Søren Brandt, Elliott Coe, Isabel Caballero, Floriane Cangemi, Jérôme Chenevez, Bradley Cenko, Nebil Cinar, Alexis Coleiro, Stefano De Padova, Roland Diehl, Claudia Dietze, Albert Domingo, Mark Drapes, Eleonora D’uva, Matthias Ehle, Jacobo Ebrero, Mithrajith Edirimanne, Natan A.Eismont, Timothy Finn, Mariateresa Fiocchi, Elena Garcia Tomas, Gianluca Gaudenzi, Thomas Godard, Andrea Goldwurm, Diego Götz, Christian Gouiffès, Sergei A. Grebenev, Jochen Greiner, Aleksandra Gros, Wojciech Hajdas |
| المصدر: | New Astronomy Reviews. 93 |
| بيانات النشر: | United States: NASA Center for Aerospace Information (CASI), 2021. |
| سنة النشر: | 2021 |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | Astronomy |
| الوصف: | The European Space Agency’s INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (ESA/INTEGRAL) was launched aboard a Proton-DM2 rocket on 17 October 2002 at 06:41 CEST, from Baikonur in Kazakhstan. Since then, INTEGRAL has been providing long, uninterrupted observations (up to about 47 h, or 170 ksec, per satellite orbit of 2.7 days) with a large field-of-view (FOV, fully coded: 100 deg), millisecond time resolution, keV energy resolution, polarization measurements, as well as additional wavelength coverage at optical wavelengths. This is realized by two main instruments in the 15 keV to 10 MeV energy range, the spectrometer SPI (spectral resolution 3 keV at 1.8 MeV) and the imager IBIS (angular resolution: 12 arcmin FWHM), complemented by X-ray (JEM-X; 3–35 keV) and optical (OMC; Johnson V-band) monitor instruments. All instruments are co-aligned to simultaneously observe the target region. A particle radiation monitor (IREM) measures charged particle fluxes near the spacecraft. The Anti-coincidence subsystems of the main instruments, built to reduce the background, are also very efficient all-sky γ-ray detectors, which provide virtually omni-directional monitoring above ~75 keV. Besides the long, scheduled observations, INTEGRAL can rapidly (within a couple of hours) re-point and conduct Target of Opportunity (ToO) observations on a large variety of sources. INTEGRAL observations and their scientific results have been building an impressive legacy: The discovery of currently more than 600 new high-energy sources; the first-ever direct detection of (56)Ni and (56)Co radio-active decay lines from a Type Ia supernova; spectroscopy of isotopes from galactic nucleo-synthesis sources; new insights on enigmatic positron annihilation in the Galactic bulge and disk; and pioneering gamma-ray polarization studies. INTEGRAL is also a successful actor in the new multi-messenger astronomy introduced by non-electromagnetic signals from gravitational waves and from neutrinos: INTEGRAL found the first prompt electromagnetic radiation in coincidence with a binary neutron star merger. Up to now more than 1750 scientific papers based on INTEGRAL data have been published in refereed journals. In this paper, we will give a comprehensive update of the satellite status after more than 18 years of operations in a harsh space environment, and an account of the successful Ground Segment. |
| نوع الوثيقة: | Report |
| اللغة: | English |
| تدمد: | 1387-6473 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.newar.2021.101629 |
| URL الوصول: | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20220000681 |
| ملاحظات: | 789737.04.01 Spanish State Research Agency PID2019–107061GB–C61 Spanish State Research Agency MDM–2017-0737 Danish PRODEX C90057 SFI 19/FFP/6777 EU AHEAD2020 871158 MICINN PID2019-108709GB-I00 DFG-Forschungsstipendium SI 2502/1-1 & SI 2502/3-1 |
| رقم الانضمام: | edsnas.20220000681 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | NASA Technical Reports |
| تدمد: | 13876473 |
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| DOI: | 10.1016/j.newar.2021.101629 |