Academic Journal
Analysis of Historic Copper Patinas. Influence of Inclusions on Patina Uniformity
| العنوان: | Analysis of Historic Copper Patinas. Influence of Inclusions on Patina Uniformity |
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| المؤلفون: | Chang, Tingru, Odnevall Wallinder, Inger, Fuente, Daniel de la, Chico, Belén, Morcillo, Manuel, Welter, Jean-Marie, Leygraf, Christofer |
| المساهمون: | China Scholarship Council, Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España) |
| بيانات النشر: | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| سنة النشر: | 2017 |
| المجموعة: | Digital.CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas / Spanish National Research Council) |
| الوصف: | The morphology and elemental composition of cross sections of eight historic copper materials have been explored. The materials were taken from copper roofs installed in different middle and northern European environments from the 16th to the 19th century. All copper substrates contain inclusions of varying size, number and composition, reflecting different copper ores and production methods. The largest inclusions have a size of up to 40 μm, with most inclusions in the size ranging between 2 and 10 μm. The most common element in the inclusions is O, followed by Pb, Sb and As. Minor elements include Ni, Sn and Fe. All historic patinas exhibit quite fragmentized bilayer structures, with a thin inner layer of cuprite (Cu 2 O) and a thicker outer one consisting mainly of brochantite (Cu 4 SO 4 (OH) 6 ). The extent of patina fragmentation seems to depend on the size of the inclusions, rather than on their number and elemental composition. The larger inclusions are electrochemically nobler than the surrounding copper matrix. This creates micro-galvanic effects resulting both in a profound influence on the homogeneity and morphology of historic copper patinas and in a significantly increased ratio of the thicknesses of the brochantite and cuprite layers. The results suggest that copper patinas formed during different centuries exhibit variations in uniformity and corrosion protection ability. ; We gratefully acknowledge Rolf Sundberg and Lennart Engström (previously at Outokumpu), and Pia Voutilainen at the Scandinavian Copper Development Association, for providing the historic Scandinavian copper materials. SEM help of Gunilla Herting is highly appreciated. The authors also express sincere thanks to the China Scholarship Council for supporting Tingru Chang’s stay at KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden. ; We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). |
| نوع الوثيقة: | article in journal/newspaper |
| اللغة: | unknown |
| Relation: | Publisher's version; http://doi.org/10.3390/ma10030298; Sí; Materials 10 (3): 298 (2017); http://hdl.handle.net/10261/149378; http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003339; http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004543 |
| DOI: | 10.3390/ma10030298 |
| DOI: | 10.13039/501100003339 |
| DOI: | 10.13039/501100004543 |
| الاتاحة: | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/149378 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10030298 https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003339 https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004543 |
| Rights: | open |
| رقم الانضمام: | edsbas.D370269D |
| قاعدة البيانات: | BASE |
| DOI: | 10.3390/ma10030298 |
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