| الوصف: |
Technologic improvements in extracorporeal lithotripters, digital endoscopy, and holmium laser lithotripters allow most ureteric stones to be treated with a minimally invasive approach—specifically shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) or ureteroscopy (URS). This chapter will review the essential techniques, efficacy, and complications of SWL and URS in the management of ureteric calculi. The role of percutaneous anterograde ureteroscopy in management of selected ureteric stones will be reviewed as well. As ureteral stent placement can be used as an adjunct to surgical management of selected ureteral stones, indications for stent placement, and the impact of stent design and application on patient comfort will be discussed. In 2016, the European Association of Urology (EAU) , the American Urological Association (AUA) and the Endourological Society Nephrolithiasis Guidelines reviewed all relevant literature examining the efficacy and complications for management of ureteral stones. These and other evidence-based guidelines will also be reviewed. |