Academic Journal
Impacto de un impuesto a las bebidas azucaradas sobre las finanzas del sistema de salud en Colombia
| العنوان: | Impacto de un impuesto a las bebidas azucaradas sobre las finanzas del sistema de salud en Colombia |
|---|---|
| المؤلفون: | Romero Ruiz, Alex Duván |
| المساهمون: | Buitrago Gutiérrez, Giancarlo |
| بيانات النشر: | Bogotá - Ciencias Económicas - Maestría en Ciencias Económicas Escuela de Economía Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá |
| سنة النشر: | 2020 |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | 330 - Economía, Health taxes, Sugar-Sweetened beverages, Noncommunicable Diseases, Healthcare system, Tax effect, Colombia, Impuestos saludables, Bebidas azucaradas, Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles, Sistema de salud, Efecto fiscal |
| الوصف: | En el presente trabajo se estima el impacto que la imposición de un impuesto a las bebidas azucaradas tiene sobre el sistema de salud en Colombia. Para este fin se hizo uso de un modelo extendido de costo-efectividad, el cual se fundamenta en un modelo probabilístico de Markov, simulando la población colombiana adulta a lo largo de su vida por medio de una macro-simulación basada en tablas de vida multi-estado. El análisis se realizó en dos etapas: (1) estimación del recaudo efectivo del impuesto, donde se estiman los ingresos fiscales adicionales generados por el gravamen, y (2) estimación del impacto del impuesto en términos de salud sobre la población colombiana, junto con su respectivo impacto económico sobre las finanzas del sistema de salud. De acuerdo con los resultados, la imposición de un impuesto a las bebidas azucaradas, con una tarifa del 24% sobre el valor final de venta al consumidor, tiene un efecto positivo en las finanzas del sistema de salud colombiano, generando un recaudo total de recursos durante los próximos 25 años por $99,6 billones. Junto a esto, el establecimiento del impuesto representa un significativo avance en temas de salud pública en Colombia, pues permite disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad de la población, evitando 287.671 nuevos casos de ECNT y 21.237 muertes asociadas a esta causa durante los próximos 25 años. Finalmente, dada la variación en las tasas de morbilidad de la población, el IBBAA generaría un ahorro total de recursos en el sistema de salud por $31 billones en los próximos 25 años. ; The following document estimates the impact of implementing a tax to the sugary drinks on the healthcare system in Colombia. To this, an extended cost-effectiveness model was used, which is based on a Markov probabilistic model, simulating the adult Colombian population throughout their lives by means of a macro-simulation based on multi-state lifetables. The analysis was carried out in two stages: (1) estimate of the effective collection of the tax, where the additional tax revenues ... |
| نوع الوثيقة: | text |
| وصف الملف: | application/pdf |
| اللغة: | Spanish; Castilian |
| Relation: | Adeyi, O.; Smith, O. y Robles, S. (2007). Las políticas públicas y los retos de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Banco Mundial: Washington DC.; Alberti, K. G. M. M., Eckel, R. H., Grundy, S. M., Zimmet, P. Z., Cleeman, J. I., Donato, K. A., Fruchart, J.-C., James, W. P. T., Loria, C. M., & Smith, S. C. (2009). Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome. Circulation, 120(16), 1640-1645. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.109.192644; Aroca, M. (2018). La tributación de las bebidas azucaradas como medida para reducir la obesidad en España. Análisis y valoración de la eficacia a partir de su aplicación en otros países. Revista de Bioética y Derecho: vol. 42, pp.269-310; Austin, P. (2009). Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched samples. Statistics in Medicine, 28(25), 3083-3107. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.3697; Austin, P. (2011a). An Introduction to Propensity Score Methods for Reducing the Effects of Confounding in Observational Studies. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46(3), 399-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2011.568786; Austin, P. C. (2011b). Optimal caliper widths for propensity-score matching when estimating differences in means and differences in proportions in observational studies. Pharmaceutical Statistics, 10(2), 150-161. https://doi.org/10.1002/pst.433; Avgerinos, K. I., Spyrou, N., Mantzoros, C. S., & Dalamaga, M. (2019). Obesity and cancer risk: Emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives. Metabolism, 92, 121-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.001; Baglojevic, M., Jinks, C., Jeffery, A., & Jordan, K. P. (2010). Risk factors for onset of osteoarthritis of the knee in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 18(1), 24-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.010; Barendregt, J. J., & Veerman, J. L. (2009). Categorical versus continuous risk factors and the calculation of potential impact fractions. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 64(3), 209-212. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.090274; Barker D. (2004). The developmental origins of chronic adult disease. Act Pediatric Supplement, Vol.93, pp.26–33.; Bassanesi, S.; Azambuja, M. y Achutti, A. (2008). Premature Mortality Due to Cardiovascular Disease and Social Inequalities in Porto Alegre: From Evidence to Action. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. Vol. 90, pp.370-379; Beaglehole, R.; Bonita, R.; Horton, R., Adams, C. y Alleyne, G. (2011). Priority Actions for the Non-communicable Disease Crisis. The Lancet: vol. 377, pp.1438–1447.; Berenbaum, F., Eymard, F., & Houard, X. (2013). Osteoarthritis, inflammation and obesity. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 25(1), 114-118. https://doi.org/10.1097/bor.0b013e32835a9414; Berkey, C.; Rockett, H.; Field, A.; Gillman, M. y Colditz, G. (2004) Sugar-added beverages and adolescent weight change. Obesity Research: vol. 12, pp.778-788.; Bernal, R. y Peña, X. (2011). Guía práctica para la evaluación de impacto. Bogotá D.C.: Universidad de los Andes, CEDE.; Bijlsma, J. W. J., Berenbaum, F., & Lafeber, F. P. J. G. (2011). Osteoarthritis: an update with relevance for clinical practice. The Lancet, 377(9783), 2115-2126. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60243-2; Brownell, K. D., Farley, T., Willett, W. C., Popkin, B. M., Chaloupka, F. J., Thompson, J. W., & Ludwig, D. S. (2009). The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing SugarSweetened Beverages. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(16), 1599-1605. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmhpr0905723; Cadena, E.; Rodríguez, A.; Araque, A.; Londoño, M.; Franco, C.; Góngora, P.; Zapata, T. y Cortés, G. (2016). Impuestos a las Bebidas Azucaradas. Bogotá D.C.: Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social.; Caro, J.; Bonilla, R.; Tovar, J. y Popkin, B. (2017). Sugary drinks taxation, projected consumption and fiscal revenues in Colombia: Evidence from a QUAIDS model. PLoS ONE 12. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189026; Cox, K.; Burke, V.; Morton, A.; Beilin, L.; y Puddey, I. (2003). The independent and combined effects of 16 weeks of vigorous exercise and energy restriction on body mass and composition in free-living overweight men--a randomized controlled trial. Metabolism: vol. 52, pp.102-115; Dennison, B.; Rockwell, H. y Baker, S. (1997). Excess fruit juice consumption by preschool-aged children is associated with short stature and obesity. Pediatrics: vol. 99, pp. 15-22.; Dhingra, R.; Sullivan, L.; Jacques, P.; Wang, T.; Fox, C.; Meigs, J.; Gaziano, J. y Vasan, R. (2007). Soft Drink Consumption and Risk of Developing Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and the Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged Adults in the Community. Circulation: vol. 116(5), pp.480-488; DiMeglio, D. y Mattes, R. (2000). Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: vol. 24, pp.794–800.; Drewnowski, A. y Bellisle, F. (2007). Liquid calories, sugar, and body weight. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: vol. 85, pp.651–661.; Duclos, M. (2016). Osteoarthritis, obesity and type 2 diabetes: The weight of waist circumference. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 59(3), 157-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2016.04.002; Emmett, P. y Jones, L. (2015). Diet, growth, and obesity development throughout childhood in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Nutrition Review: vol. 3, pp.175-206.; EPIC-InterAct. (2013). Consumption of sweet beverages and type 2 diabetes incidence in European adults: results from EPIC-InterAct. Diabetologia: vol. 56, pp.1520–1530; Ezzati, M.; Lopez, AD.; Rodgers, A. y Murray, C. (2004). Comparative quantifi cation of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Ginebra: World Health Organization.; Falkstedt, D., Hemmingsson, T., Rasmussen, F., & Lundberg, I. (2006). Body mass index in late adolescence and its association with coronary heart disease and stroke in middle age among Swedish men. International Journal of Obesity, 31(5), 777-783. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803480; Field, A. E., Cook, N. R., & Gillman, M. W. (2005). Weight Status in Childhood as a Predictor of Becoming Overweight or Hypertensive in Early Adulthood**. Obesity Research, 13(1), 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2005.21; Ford, C. A., Nonnemaker, J. M., & Wirth, K. E. (2009). The Influence of Adolescent Body Mass Index, Physical Activity, and Tobacco Use on Blood Pressure and Cholesterol in Young Adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(6), 576-583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.06.010; Frenk, J.; Bobadilia, J.; Strm, C.; Frejka, T. y Lozano, R. (1991). Elements for a theory of the health transition. México: Health Transition Review. vol.1: pp. 21-38; Gaviria, A. (2016). Impuesto a las Bebidas Azucaradas. Foro sobre Impuesto a las Bebidas Azucaradas. Foro llevado a cabo en Universidad de los Andes. Octubre, 2016.; Global Burden of Disease Collaborators. (2010). The State of US Health, 1990–2010 Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors. JAMA. 310: 591–608. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.13805; Global Dietary Database. (2019). Global Dietary Data 2015. Disponible en: www.globaldietarydatabase.org; Goldring, M. B., & Otero, M. (2011). Inflammation in osteoarthritis. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 23(5), 471-478. https://doi.org/10.1097/bor.0b013e328349c2b1; Gómez, R., Conde, J., Scotece, M., Gómez-Reino, J. J., Lago, F., & Gualillo, O. (2011). What’s new in our understanding of the role of adipokines in rheumatic diseases? Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 7(9), 528-536. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2011.107; Grundy, S.; Cleeman, J.; Daniels, S.; Donato, K.; Eckel, R.; Franklin, B.; Gordon, D.; Krauss, R.; Savage, P.; Smith, S Jr.; Spertus, J. y Costa, F. (2005). Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement. Circulation: vol. 13, pp.322–327.; Guerrero, R.; Gallego, AI.; Becerril-Montekio, V. y Vásquez, J. (2011). Sistema de salud de Colombia. México D.F.: Salud Pública de México, vol. 53.; Hall, K. D., Sacks, G., Chandramohan, D., Chow, C. C., Wang, Y. C., Gortmaker, S. L., & Swinburn, B. A. (2011). Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight. The Lancet, 378(9793), 826-837. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60812-x; Hamilton, L. y Wills, W. (2017). Patterns of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption amongst young people aged 13-15 years during the school day in Scotland. Appetite: vol. 116, pp.196-204.; Hopkins, B. D., Goncalves, M. D., & Cantley, L. C. (2016). Obesity and Cancer Mechanisms: Cancer Metabolism. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 34(35), 4277-4283. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.67.9712; ICBF. (2010). Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional en Colombia 2010. Recuperado de: http://www.icbf.gov.co/portal/page/portal/Descargas1/Resumenfi.pdf; Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (2016). Consultado el 19 de julio de 2020. Disponible en https://www.cancer.gov.co/; Instituto Nacional de Salud. (2015). Carga de enfermedad por Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles y Discapacidad en Colombia. Bogotá D.C.: Observatorio Nacional de Salud, Quinto Informe ONS.; Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México. (2014). Resultados preliminares sobre los efectos del impuesto de un peso a bebidas azucaradas en México. Obtenido de: https://www.insp.mx/epppo/blog/3666-reduccion-consumobebidas.html; James, J.; Thomas, P.; Cavan, D. y Kerr, D. (2004). Preventing childhood obesity by reducing consumption of carbonated drinks: cluster randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal: vol. 328, p.1236; Jee, S. H., Pastor-Barriuso, R., Appel, L. J., Suh, I., Miller, E. R., & Guallar, E. (2005). Body Mass Index and Incident Ischemic Heart Disease in South Korean Men and Women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 162(1), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi166; Jordan, J.; Toplak, H.; Grassi, G.; Yumuk, V.; Kotsis, V.; Engeli, S.; Cuspidi, C.; Nilsson, P.; Finer, N. & Doehner, W. (2016). Joint statement of the European Association for the Study of Obesity and the European Society of Hypertension: obesity and heart failure. J Hypertens. Vol. 34, pp.1678-1688.; Jones, A.; Veerman J. L., & Haamond, D. (2017). The health and economic impact of a tax on sugary drinks in Canada. Canada: University Of Waterloo.; Jou, J. y Techakehakij, W. (2012). International application of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxation in obesity reduction: factors that influence policy effectiveness in countryspecific context. EE.UU.: Health Policy, pp.83-90.; Kapoor, M., Martel-Pelletier, J., Lajeunesse, D., Pelletier, J.-P., & Fahmi, H. (2010). Role of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 7(1), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2010.196; Kolb, R., Sutterwala, F. S., & Zhang, W. (2016). Obesity and cancer: inflammation bridges the two. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 29, 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2016.07.005; Lal, A., Mantilla-Herrera, A. M., Veerman, L., Backholer, K., Sacks, G., Moodie, M., Siahpush, M., Carter, R., & Peeters, A. (2017). Modelled health benefits of a sugarsweetened beverage tax across different socioeconomic groups in Australia: A costeffectiveness and equity analysis. PLOS Medicine, 14(6), e1002326. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002326; Lawlor, D. A., & Leon, D. A. (2005). Association of Body Mass Index and Obesity Measured in Early Childhood With Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke in Middle Age. Circulation, 111(15), 1891-1896. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000161798.45728.4d; Lawlor, D. A., Martin, R. M., Gunnell, D., Galobardes, B., Ebrahim, S., Sandhu, J., BenShlomo, Y., McCarron, P., & Davey Smith, G. (2006). Association of body mass index measured in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood with risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: findings from 3 historical cohort studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 83(4), 767-773. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/83.4.767; Li, L., Law, C., & Power, C. (2007). Body mass index throughout the life-course and blood pressure in mid-adult life: a birth cohort study. Journal of Hypertension, 25(6), 1215-1223. https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0b013e3280f3c01a; Liebman, M.; Pelican, S.; Moore, S.; Holmes, B.; Wardlaw, M.; Melcher, L.; Liddil, A.; Paul, L.; Dunnagan, T. y Haynes, G. (2003). Dietary intake, eating behavior, and physical activity related determinants of high body mass index in rural communities in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: vol. 27, pp.684–692.; López, A.; Mathers, C.; Ezzati, M.; Jamison, D. y Murray, C. (2006). Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.; Ludwig, D.; Peterson, K. y Gortmaker, S. (2001). Relation between consumption of sugarsweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. The Lancet: vol. 357, pp.505–508.; MacGregor, G. y Hashem, K. (2014). Action on sugar - lessons from UK salt reduction programme. The Lancet. Vol. 383, pp.929-931.; Malik, V.; Pan, A.; Willett, W. y Hu, F. (2013). Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: vol. 98, pp.1084–1102.; Malik, V.; Popkin, B.; Bray, G.; Després, J. y Hu, F. (2010). Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk. Circulation: vol. 121, pp.1356–1364.; Malik, V.; Schulze, M. y Hu, F. (2006). Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: vol. 84, pp.74-288.; Manson, J. E., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Rosner, B., Monson, R. R., Speizer, F. E., & Hennekens, C. H. (1990). A Prospective Study of Obesity and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women. New England Journal of Medicine, 322(13), 882-889. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199003293221303; Manyema M, Veerman LJ, Chola L, Tugendhaft A, Sartorius B, Labadarios D, et al. (2014) The Potential Impact of a 20% Tax on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages on Obesity in South African Adults: A Mathematical Model. PLoS ONE 9(8): e105287. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105287; Manyema, M., Veerman, J. L., Chola, L., Tugendhaft, A., Labadarios, D., & Hofman, K. (2015). Decreasing the Burden of Type 2 Diabetes in South Africa: The Impact of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages. PLOS ONE, 10(11), e0143050. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143050; Marshall, A. (1920). Principles of Economics. London: MacMillan.; McKenna, M.; Taylor, W.; Marks, J. y Koplan, J. (1998). Current issues and challenges in chronic disease control. in: Brownson R, Remington P, Davis J. chronic disease epidemiology and control. Washington D.C.: American Public Health Association.; Melgar-Quinonez y H.; Kaiser, L. (2004). Relationship of child-feeding practices to overweight in low income Mexican-American preschool-aged children. Journal of the American Dietetic Associaton: vol. 104, pp.1110–1119.; Mhurchu, C., Rodgers, A., Pan, W., Gu, D. & Woodword, M. (2004). Body mass index and cardiovascular disease in the Asia-Pacific Region: an overview of 33 cohorts involving 310.000 participants. International Journal of Epidemiology, 33(4), 751-758. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyh163; Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. (2012). Resúmenes de Política: intervenciones poblacionales en factores de riesgo de Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles. Bogotá D.C.: Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social.; Monsalve, S. (2017). Competencia bajo equilibrio parcial. Bogotá D.C.: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.; Ocampo, P. (2014). Patrones alimentarios y su relación con el exceso de peso en Colombia: Estudio a profundidad a partir de la ENSIN 2010. Bogotá D.C.: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.; Olatona, F.; Airede, C.; Aderibigbe, S. y Osibogun, A. (2019). Nutritional Knowledge, Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Diabetic Patients Attending Teaching Hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria. Nigeria.: Journal of community medicine and primary health care.; Olivera, M. J., & Buitrago, G. (2020). Economic costs of Chagas disease in Colombia in 2017: A social perspective. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 91, 196-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2019.11.022; Omran, A. (1997). A century of epidemiologic transition in the United States. Preventive Medicine: vol. 6, pp.30-51.; Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. (WHO Technical Report Series, no. 894).; Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2005). Preventing Chronic Deseases: A vital investment. Ginebra: WHO, Department of Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion; Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2010). Informe sobre la situación mundial de las enfermedades no transmisibles. Ginebra: OMS.; Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2014). Estrategia Mundial sobre Régimen Alimentario, Actividad Física y Salud. Ginebra: OMS.; Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2015). Ingesta de azúcares para adultos y niños. Ginebra: OMS.; Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2016). Fiscal Policies for Diet and Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases. Washington D.C.: World Health Organization; Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2017). Enfermedades no transmisibles. Nota Descriptiva. Washington DC.: OMS.; Organización Panamericana de la Salud. (2016). Factores de riesgo de las enfermedades no transmisibles en la Región de las Américas: Consideraciones para fortalecer la capacidad regulatoria. Documento técnico de referencia REGULA. Washington DC: OPS.; Parks, E. y Hellerstein, M. (2000). Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: vol. 7, pp.412–433.; Passport Euromonitor International. (2020). Euromonitor Industrial and Sector Capsules. Consultado el 28 de marzo de 2020. Disponible en: https://www.euromonitor.com/; Phillips, S.; Bandini, L.; Naumova, E.; Cyr, H.; Colclough, S.; Dietz, W. y Must, A. (2004). Energy-dense snack food intake in adolescence: longitudinal relationship to weight and fatness. Obesity Research: vol.12, pp.461–472.; Popkin, B. (1994). The Nutrition Transition in Low-Income Countries: An Emerging Crisis. Nutrition Reviews: vol.52 (9), pp. 285–298.; Powell, L.; Chiriqui, J.; Khan, T.; Wada, R. y Chalopuka, F. (2013). Assesing the potential effectiveness of food and beverage taxes and subsides for impoving public health: a systematic review of prices, demand and body weight outcomes. Obesity Reviews: vol. 2, pp.110-128.; Powell, L. M., Wada, R., Persky, J. J., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2014). Employment Impact of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes. American Journal of Public Health, 104(4), 672-677. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2013.301630; Procuraduría General de la Nación (2012). Financiamiento del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud: Seguimiento y control preventivo a las políticas públicas. Bogotá D.C.: PGN.; Redman, L. M., Smith, S. R., Burton, J. H., Martin, C. K., Il’yasova, D., & Ravussin, E. (2018). Metabolic Slowing and Reduced Oxidative Damage with Sustained Caloric Restriction Support the Rate of Living and Oxidative Damage Theories of Aging. Cell Metabolism, 27(4), 805-815.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.019; Reilly, J. & Kelly, J. (2011). Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood: systematic review. International Journal of Obesity, 35(7), 891-898. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.222; Rice, B.; Quann, E. y Miller, G. (2013). Meeting and exceeding dairy recommendations: effects of dairy consumption on nutrient intakes and risk of chronic disease. Nutrition Review: vol. 71, pp. 209–223.; Rubin, D. (2004). On principles for modeling propensity scores in medical research. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, vol. 13, pp.855–857; Saito, I., Iso, H., Kokubo, Y., Inoue, M., & Tsugane, S. (2010). Body mass index, weight change and risk of stroke and stroke subtypes: the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective (JPHC) study. International Journal of Obesity, 35(2), 283-291. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.131; Sassi, F.; Belloni, A.; y Capobianco, C. (2013). The role of fiscal Policies in Health promotion. OECD: Heath working papers.; Saxena, A., Koon, A. D., Lagrada-Rombaua, L., Angeles-Agdeppa, I., Johns, B., & Capanzana, M. (2019). Modelling the impact of a tax on sweetened beverages in the Philippines: an extended cost–effectiveness analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 97(2), 97-107. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.18.219980; Schulze, M.; Liu, S.; Rimm, E.; Manson, J.; Willett, W. y Hu F. (2004b). Glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: vol. 80, pp.348–356; Schulze, M.; Manson, J.; Ludwig, D.; Colditz, G.; Stampfer, M.; Willet, W. & Hu, F. (2004a). Sugar-Sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-age women. EE.UU: Journal of the American Medical Association.; Shaw, E., Farris, M., McNeil, J., & Friedenreich, C. (2016). Obesity and Endometrial Cancer. Obesity and Cancer, 107-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42542-9_7; Silva, P. y Durán, S. (2014). Bebidas azucaradas, más que un simple refresco. Santiago de Chile: Revista Chilena de Nutrición, vol. 41.; Singh, G.; Danaei, G.; Farzadfar, F.; Stevens, G.; Woodward, M.; Wormser, D.; Kaptoge, S.; Whitlock, G.; Qiao, Q.; Lewington, S.; Di Angelantonio, E.; Vander Hoorn, S.; Lawes, C.; Ali, M.; Mozaffarian, D. y Ezzati, M. (2013). Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group; Asia-Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration (APCSC); Diabetes Epidemiology: Collaborative analysis of Diagnostic criteria in Europe (DECODE); Emerging Risk Factor Collaboration (ERFC); Prospective Studies Collaboration (PSC). The age-specific quantitative effects of metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: a pooled analysis. PLoS One: vol.8, e65174; Singh, G.; Micha, R.; Khatibzadeh, S.; Lim, S.; Ezzati, M. y Mozaffarian, D. (2015a). Estimated Global, regional and national disease burdens related to sugar-sweetened Beverage consumption in 2010. Circulation. Vol.132, No. 8, pp. 639–666.; Singh, G.; Micha, R.; Khatibzadeh, S.; Lim, S.; Ezzati, M. y Mozaffarian, D. (2015b). Global, Regional, and National Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Fruit Juices, and Milk: A Systematic Assessment of Beverage Intake in 187 Countries. PLOS One. Vol.10, No. 8.; Smith, A. (1958). Investigación sobre la naturaleza y causas de la riqueza de las naciones. México D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica; Song, Y.-M., Sung, J., Smith, G. D., & Ebrahim, S. (2004). Body Mass Index and Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke. Stroke, 35(4), 831-836. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.0000119386.22691.1c; Sowers, M., Karvonen-Gutierrez, C. A., Palmieri-Smith, R., Jacobson, J. A., Jiang, Y., & Ashton-Miller, J. A. (2009). Knee osteoarthritis in obese women with cardiometabolic clustering. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 61(10), 1328-1336. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.24739; Stanhope, K.; Schwarz, J.; Keim, N.; Griffen, S.; Bremer, A.; Graham, J.; Hatcher, B.; Cox, C.; Dyachenko, A.; Zhang, W.; McGahan, J.; Seibert, A.; Krauss, R.; Chiu, S.; Schaefer, E.; Ai, M.; Otokozawa, S.; Nakajima, K.; Nakano, T.; Beysen, C.; Hellerstein, M.; Berglund, L. y Havelm P. (2009). Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans. Journal of Clinical Investigation: vol. 119, pp.1322–1334; Swift, D.; Johannsen, N.; Lavie, C.; Earnest, C. y Church, T. (2014). The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases: vol. 56(4), pp. 441-447.; Thomsen, M., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2014). Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Heart Disease in Overweight and Obesity With and Without Metabolic Syndrome. JAMA Internacional Medicine, 174(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.10522; Troiano, R.; Briefel, R.; Carroll, M. y Bialostosky, K. (2000). Energy and fat intakes of children and adolescents in the United States: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: vol.72, pp. 1343–1353; Trumbo, P. y Rivers, C. (2014). Systematic review of the evidence for an association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and risk of obesity. Nutrition Reviews: vol. 72(9), pp.566-574.; Vartanian, S. (2007). Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EE.UU.: American Journal Public Health, pp. 667-675.; Vecino, A. y Arroyo, D. (2018). A tax on sugar sweetened beverages in Colombia: Estimating the impact on overweight and obesity prevalence across socio economic level. Social Science & Medicine: vol. 2019, pp. 111-116.; Veerman, J. L., Sacks, G., Antonopoulos, N., & Martin, J. (2016). The Impact of a Tax on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages on Health and Health Care Costs: A Modelling Study. PLOS ONE, 11(4), e0151460. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151460; Welsh, J.; Cogswell, M.; Rogers, S.; Rockett, H.; Mei, Z. y Grummer-Strawn, L. (2002). Overweight among low-income preschool children associated with the consumption of sweet drinks: Missouri, 1999– 2002. Pediatrics: vol. 115, e223–229; Willett, W.; Manson, J. y Liu, S. (2002). Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: vol. 76, pp.274–280.; Wilson, K. M., & Cho, E. (2016). Obesity and Kidney Cancer. Obesity and Cancer, 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42542-9_5; Yatsuya, H., Li, Y., Hilawe, E. H., Ota, A., Wang, C., Chiang, C., Zhang, Y., Uemura, M., Osako, A., Ozaki, Y., & Aoyama, A. (2014). Global Trend in Overweight and Obesity and Its Association With Cardiovascular Disease Incidence. Circulation Journal, 78(12), 2807-2818. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-14-0850; Yoo, S.; Nicklas, T.; Baranowski, T.; Zakeri, I.; Yang, S.; Srinivasan, S.; Berenson, G. (2004). Comparison of dietary intakes associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. American of Journal Clinical Nutrition: vol. 80, pp.841–848.; Yusuf, E., Nelissen, R. G., Ioan-Facsinay, A., Stojanovic-Susulic, V., DeGroot, J., van Osch, G., Middeldorp, S., Huizinga, T. W. J., & Kloppenburg, M. (2009). Association between weight or body mass index and hand osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 69(4), 761-765. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2008.106930; Romero, A. (2020). IMPACTO DE UN IMPUESTO A LAS BEBIDAS AZUCARADAS SOBRE LAS FINANZAS DEL SISTEMA DE SALUD EN COLOMBIA. Bogotá D.C.: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Tesis de Maestría; https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/78772 |
| الاتاحة: | https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/78772 |
| Rights: | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessDerechos reservados - Universidad Nacional de Colombia ; Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional ; Acceso abierto ; http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| رقم الانضمام: | edsbas.51ED0E0D |
| قاعدة البيانات: | BASE |
| الوصف غير متاح. |