التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
| العنوان: |
Particle Number and Size Distributions (PNSD) from a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) over Laboratory and Real Driving Emission Tests |
| المؤلفون: |
Daisy Thomas, Hu Li, Xin Wang, Karl Ropkins, Alison S. Tomlin, Chris D. Bannister, Gary Hawley |
| المصدر: |
Atmosphere; Volume 13; Issue 9; Pages: 1510 |
| بيانات النشر: |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| سنة النشر: |
2022 |
| المجموعة: |
MDPI Open Access Publishing |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: |
particle number, particle number size distribution, hybrid electric vehicle, drive cycle, WLTC, RDE |
| جغرافية الموضوع: |
agris |
| الوصف: |
Particle number (PN) emissions from hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) during engine ignition and re-ignition events are an important but scarcely reported area. The objectives of the present work are to study the effects of drive cycle properties on the engine behaviour of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and to investigate how this impacts the tailpipe PN emissions and their size distributions (PNSD). Worldwide harmonised light vehicles test cycle (WLTC) testing was conducted, as well as chassis dynamometer emission measurements over a realistic real driving emissions (RDE) speed pattern, using a Euro 5 Toyota Prius HEV with a Cambustion DMS500 sampling PN concentrations at the tailpipe. It is shown that the number of vehicle stops during a test cycle has a direct impact on the re-ignition activity for the HEV. 64 ± 3% of the total PN from WLTC testing was produced during engine re-ignition events while only 6 ± 1% was from stabilised engine operation. Similar proportions were observed for the RDE-style test cycle. The majority of engine reignition and destabilised activity, and hence PN emission, was during the low-speed sections of the drive cycles used. The average PNSD across cycle phases was different between cycles, due to the influence of dynamic properties on engine behaviour and hence the PN emission profile. The PNSD at the engine re-ignition and destabilised events had a merged wide peak with a maximum at 60 nm diameter and a shoulder at 12 nm diameter. The HEV had increased emissions of particles smaller than 23 nm under cold start, but similar overall PN emission values, compared to a warm start. The results of this work highlight the importance of controlling HEV PN emissions to limit human exposure to PN in urban environments where the majority of PN emissions occur. The sensitivity of HEV PN emission factors and PNSD to engine behaviour and, in turn, test cycle dynamic properties, is important to note when considering legislative test cycles, particularly with reference to the freedoms afforded by ... |
| نوع الوثيقة: |
text |
| وصف الملف: |
application/pdf |
| اللغة: |
English |
| Relation: |
Air Quality; https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091510 |
| DOI: |
10.3390/atmos13091510 |
| الاتاحة: |
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091510 |
| Rights: |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| رقم الانضمام: |
edsbas.109CE602 |
| قاعدة البيانات: |
BASE |