Sixteen multiparous cows, including eight rumen fistulated cows, were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment designed to study dietary effects on rumen and blood parameters and milk production in cows differing in genetic capacity for milk fat content. Diets contained forage to concentrate ratios of 50:50 or 30:70 with either grass hay or silage as the forage. Ruminal fermentation was characterized by a high molar percentage of buty-rate, 14 to 17%. Forage to concentrate ratio affected most rumen parameters, with the exception of the molar percentage of propionate (18 to 19%). The silage had a higher fiber degradation rate compared with hay. Compared to hay diets, silage diets had higher ruminal out-flow rates, lower acetate:propionate ratios, and greater milk production with no differences in milk composition. Cows selected for low milk fat had higher molar percentages of propionate in the rumen. The low milk fat cows had higher milk production than cows selected for high milk fat but did not differ in milk fat yield. Cows fed the 30:70 diets had higher plasma insulin concentrations in response to a glucose challenge. The low milk fat cows had lower basal concentrations of insulin and lower insulin responses to a glucose challenge. Small changes in nutrient metabolism and supply were sufficient to influence milk production.