Thymus Gland: A Double Edge Sword for Coronaviruses
| العنوان: | Thymus Gland: A Double Edge Sword for Coronaviruses |
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| المؤلفون: | Zagit Z. Gaymalov, A.M. Homeida, Meneerah A. Aljafary, Razan Aldahhan, Thamer Alshammari, Zahra Abduljaleel Alkhalifah, Adeeb Shehzad, Hanan A. Al-Dossary, Fadwa M. Alkhulaifi, Ayman M. Al-Qaaneh, Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi |
| المصدر: | Vaccines Vaccines, Vol 9, Iss 1119, p 1119 (2021) |
| بيانات النشر: | MDPI, 2021. |
| سنة النشر: | 2021 |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | Cellular immunity, Thymic stromal lymphopoietin, medicine.medical_treatment, T cell, Immunology, Review, Biology, risk management, Natural killer cell, transaction costs, post-decision state variable, Immune system, Drug Discovery, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), hedging, Pharmacology, dynamic programming, Cell biology, Infectious Diseases, Cytokine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Humoral immunity, Medicine, CD8 |
| الوصف: | The thymus is the main lymphoid organ that regulates the immune and endocrine systems by controlling thymic cell proliferation and differentiation. The gland is a primary lymphoid organ responsible for generating mature T cells into CD4+ or CD8+ single-positive (SP) T cells, contributing to cellular immunity. Regarding humoral immunity, the thymic plasma cells almost exclusively secrete IgG1 and IgG3, the two main complement-fixing effector IgG subclasses. Deformity in the thymus can lead to inflammatory diseases. Hassall’s corpuscles’ epithelial lining produces thymic stromal lymphopoietin, which induces differentiation of CDs thymocytes into regulatory T cells within the thymus medulla. Thymic B lymphocytes produce immunoglobulins and immunoregulating hormones, including thymosin. Modulation in T cell and naive T cells decrement due to thymus deformity induce alteration in the secretion of various inflammatory factors, resulting in multiple diseases. Influenza virus activates thymic CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes and a large amount of IFNγ. IFNs limit virus spread, enhance macrophages’ phagocytosis, and promote the natural killer cell restriction activity against infected cells. Th2 lymphocytes-produced cytokine IL-4 can bind to antiviral INFγ, decreasing the cell susceptibility and downregulating viral receptors. COVID-19 epitopes (S, M, and N proteins) with ≥90% identity to the SARS-CoV sequence have been predicted. These epitopes trigger immunity for antibodies production. Boosting the immune system by improving thymus function can be a therapeutic strategy for preventing virus-related diseases. This review aims to summarize the endocrine-immunoregulatory functions of the thymus and the underlying mechanisms in the prevention of COVID-19. |
| اللغة: | English |
| تدمد: | 2076-393X |
| URL الوصول: | https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::4923c6e6a6fda89abe85151809290188 http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8539924 |
| Rights: | OPEN |
| رقم الانضمام: | edsair.doi.dedup.....4923c6e6a6fda89abe85151809290188 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | OpenAIRE |
| تدمد: | 2076393X |
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