Beyond the ‘purple drank’: Study of promethazine abuse according to the European Medicines Agency adverse drug reaction reports
| العنوان: | Beyond the ‘purple drank’: Study of promethazine abuse according to the European Medicines Agency adverse drug reaction reports |
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| المؤلفون: | Fabrizio Schifano, John Corkery, Amira Guirguis, Stefania Chiappini |
| المصدر: | Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) |
| بيانات النشر: | SAGE Publications, 2021. |
| سنة النشر: | 2021 |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | Adult, Male, Adolescent, Databases, Factual, Substance-Related Disorders, promethazine misuse, codeine/promethazine, Promethazine, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pharmacovigilance, Agency (sociology), medicine, Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), 030212 general & internal medicine, CODEINE/PROMETHAZINE, Prescription Drug Misuse, Retrospective Studies, drug abuse, Pharmacology, adverse drug reactions, Traditional medicine, business.industry, Dextromethorphan, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Original Papers, purple drank, sizzurp, Europe, Substance abuse, Psychiatry and Mental health, pharmacovigilance, Histamine H1 Antagonists, Female, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Adverse drug reaction, medicine.drug |
| الوصف: | Background: Promethazine is a medicinal product, available on its own or in combination with other ingredients including dextromethorphan, paracetamol and/or expectorants. Anecdotal reports have however indicated that promethazine may have a misuse potential, especially in adolescents. Objective: We here aimed at studying how this phenomenon has been reported to the European Monitoring Agency Adverse Drug Reactions database. Methods: After a formal request to the European Monitoring Agency, the promethazine-specific dataset has been studied, performing a descriptive analysis of misuse/abuse/dependence-related adverse drug reaction reports. The study was approved by the University of Hertfordshire (LMS/PGR/UH/03234). Results: The analysis of promethazine data showed increasing levels of misuse/abuse/ dependence issues over time (2003–2019). Out of a total number of 1543 cases of adverse drug reactions, the abuse/misuse/dependence-related cases reported were 557, with ‘drug abuse’ (300/557: 53.8%) and ‘intentional product misuse’ (117/557: 21.0%). being the most represented adverse drug reactions. A high number of fatalities were described (310/557: 55.6%), mostly recorded as ‘drug toxicity/drug abuse’ cases, with opiates/opioids having been the most commonly reported concomitant drugs used. Conclusion: Anecdotal promethazine misuse/abuse reports have been confirmed by European Monitoring Agency data. Promethazine misuse/abuse appears to be an alarming issue, being associated with drug-related fatalities. Thus, healthcare professionals should be warned about a possible misuse of promethazine and be vigilant, as in some countries medicinal products containing promethazine can be purchased over the counter. Since promethazine is often available in association with opioids, its abuse may be considered a public health issue, with huge implications for clinical practice. |
| تدمد: | 1461-7285 0269-8811 |
| DOI: | 10.1177/0269881120959615 |
| URL الوصول: | https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::220ea5d5bfe6402472148736374ab3e4 https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120959615 |
| Rights: | OPEN |
| رقم الانضمام: | edsair.doi.dedup.....220ea5d5bfe6402472148736374ab3e4 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | OpenAIRE |
| تدمد: | 14617285 02698811 |
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| DOI: | 10.1177/0269881120959615 |