Giardiasis outbreaks in the United States, 1971–2011
| العنوان: | Giardiasis outbreaks in the United States, 1971–2011 |
|---|---|
| المؤلفون: | Julia W. Gargano, Michele C. Hlavsa, E. A. Adam, Jonathan S. Yoder, L. H. Gould |
| المصدر: | Epidemiology and Infection. 144:2790-2801 |
| بيانات النشر: | Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2016. |
| سنة النشر: | 2016 |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | Giardiasis, 0301 basic medicine, Food handlers, Epidemiology, media_common.quotation_subject, 030231 tropical medicine, 030106 microbiology, medicine.disease_cause, Article, Disease Outbreaks, Distribution system, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Hygiene, Environmental health, medicine, Humans, Giardia lamblia, media_common, Transmission (medicine), business.industry, Foodborne outbreak, Outbreak, United States, Gastroenteritis, Infectious Diseases, Waterborne pathogen, business |
| الوصف: | SUMMARYGiardia intestinalisis the leading parasitic aetiology of human enteric infections in the United States, with an estimated 1·2 million cases occurring annually. To better understand transmission, we analysed data on all giardiasis outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for 1971–2011. The 242 outbreaks, affecting ~41 000 persons, resulted from waterborne (74·8%), foodborne (15·7%), person-to-person (2·5%), and animal contact (1·2%) transmission. Most (74·6%) waterborne outbreaks were associated with drinking water, followed by recreational water (18·2%). Problems with water treatment, untreated groundwater, and distribution systems were identified most often during drinking water-associated outbreak investigations; problems with water treatment declined after the 1980s. Most recreational water-associated outbreaks were linked to treated swimming venues, with pools and wading pools implicated most often. Produce was implicated most often in foodborne outbreaks. Additionally, foods were most commonly prepared in a restaurant and contaminated by a food handler. Lessons learned from examining patterns in outbreaks over time can help prevent future disease. Groundwater and distribution system vulnerabilities, inadequate pool disinfection, fruit and vegetable contamination, and poor food handler hygiene are promising targets for giardiasis prevention measures. |
| تدمد: | 1469-4409 0950-2688 |
| DOI: | 10.1017/s0950268815003040 |
| URL الوصول: | https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::10a555182b17e9c232b30a83b6bb15b3 https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815003040 |
| Rights: | OPEN |
| رقم الانضمام: | edsair.doi.dedup.....10a555182b17e9c232b30a83b6bb15b3 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | OpenAIRE |
| تدمد: | 14694409 09502688 |
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| DOI: | 10.1017/s0950268815003040 |