Potential risks to terrestrial wildlife were estimated from exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD/TCDF in paper pulp sludges applied to or disposed of on land. Comparative risks were assessed for land application uses in forests, mine reclamation, and agriculture, versus other disposal methods, such as in landfills and surface impoundments. Potential risks to fish and aquatic wildlife were also estimated for runoff from such land uses and disposal sites. The general types of wildlife species predicted as potentially most exposed via eating TCDD/TCDF contaminated prey were terrestrial animals such as shrews, woodcocks, and robins. TCDD/TCDF levels in eggs from several bird species collected from Wisconsin pine plantations amended with such pulp sludges corroborated the transfer of TCDD/TCDF from soil via prey species into avian eggs, particularly robin eggs.