Differences in cancer incidence between men and women in the province of Quebec, Canada, 1984-1993
| العنوان: | Differences in cancer incidence between men and women in the province of Quebec, Canada, 1984-1993 |
|---|---|
| المؤلفون: | Parviz Ghadirian, Marcellin Gangbè, Jean-Pierre Thouez |
| المصدر: | The Canadian Geographer/Le G?ographe canadien. 48:52-61 |
| بيانات النشر: | Wiley, 2004. |
| سنة النشر: | 2004 |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | Gerontology, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), Geography, Planning and Development, Population, Cancer, medicine.disease, Relative risk, Life expectancy, Medicine, Risk factor, business, Lung cancer, education, Earth-Surface Processes, Demography |
| الوصف: | Introduction Since the 1990s, issues regarding women's health have been of great interest, particularly in Europe and North America. According to Hunt and Annandale (1999), this interest has been inspired both by the second wave of feminism and by growing concerns that there are inequalities in health status and provision of health care services among different groups of the general population. Several authors have reported that men tend to die earlier than women, but that women generally have higher morbidity rates than men. According to Chesnais (1996), the difference between the sexes in life expectancy at birth is a universal phenomenon. His analysis of French mortality rates for 1991-1993 demonstrates that the risk of death for men at a given age is two to three times greater than that for women of the same age. Giampaoli (2000) reviewed the existing literature and reported that women have a longer life expectancy than men, and that mortality and morbidity are higher in men than in women. Recognition of differences in mortality rates between men and women is not new: John Graunt, the inventor of mortality tables, remarked on it more than three centuries ago. Studies on the causes of death generally show earlier mortality for men than for women where cardiovascular diseases and cancer are concerned. Chesnais (1996) and Macintyre et al. (1996) have postulated that while mortality for women in these cases is more often attributed to biological factors and mortality for men ascribed to sociological and lifestyle attributes, biology and lifestyle are important factors for both sexes. Sevick et al. (2000) reviewed the existing evidence regarding an association of depression with major health outcomes in older adults, but were unable to confirm that the relative risk of morbidity and/or mortality among those suffering from depression varies with respect to sex. Bradley et al. (1998) reviewed levels of alcohol consumption in association with mortality, cardiovascular disease, alcohol-related liver disease, injury, osteoporosis, neurologic symptoms and several other health conditions. They found that women develop many alcohol-related medical problems at lower levels of consumption than men, probably reflecting women's lower total body water, sex differences in alcohol metabolism and the effects of alcohol on postmenopausal estrogen levels. There are differences between men and women in terms of cancer risk. For Reynolds et al. (1999), being male is a risk factor for developing Barrett's adenocarcinomas. Other studies, however, tend to show that women have higher morbidity rates than men for chronic conditions such as cancer. Mizushima et al. (1999) observed that there was a higher incidence of lung carcinoma among female patients who were less than 30 years of age. Rodriguez et al. (1998) studied insular carcinoma, a little-known thyroid cancer and found that it was twice as common in women as in men. Among smokers, studies suggest that women are at higher risk of lung cancer at every level of smoking (Zang and Wynder 1996; Schriver et al. 2000). Zang and Wynder (1996) found a 1.2- to 1.7-fold increased relative risk of lung cancer in women as compared to men at the same levels of smoking. Research suggests that women are somewhat more likely than men to suffer from the more aggressive small cell lung cancer, while men are more likely to be diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (Stockwell et al. 1990; Kmietowicz 1998). Within the larger group of those with non-small cell lung cancer, women are more likely to suffer from one particular form of this disease--adenocarcinoma. Among men, the numbers are more evenly split between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell lung cancer (Ferguson et al. 1990). Research considering the relation of sex to differential risk patterns suggests that biological factors may be relevant. For example, Hegmann et al. (1993) showed that the age at which an individual starts smoking may be a risk factor independent of the amount and the type of cigarette smoked. … |
| تدمد: | 1541-0064 0008-3658 |
| DOI: | 10.1111/j.1085-9489.2004.001e07.x |
| URL الوصول: | https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::9244fdfd67f649e2489a6881586bfa79 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1085-9489.2004.001e07.x |
| Rights: | CLOSED |
| رقم الانضمام: | edsair.doi...........9244fdfd67f649e2489a6881586bfa79 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | OpenAIRE |
| تدمد: | 15410064 00083658 |
|---|---|
| DOI: | 10.1111/j.1085-9489.2004.001e07.x |