| الوصف: |
A new generation of industrial melting furnaces has been developed during the last 25 years. Present practices followed in Furnaces are discussed in this paper. Through a literature review account of various practices presently being followed in industries using Furnaces has been carried out with a view to gather principal of working. Apart from this a pilot study has also been carried out in few industries in India. We provide some recommendations for the productivity improvement. Due to lack of proper instruments the effect of the ill practices cannot be precisely judged. If this is properly measured, the percentage of productivity improvement in steel melting Furnace can be calculated. The review is carried out from the literature in the various journals and manuals. The first controlled use of fire in metallurgy dates from the eighth millennium ВС, when native copper was deliberately heated to form artifacts. Problems how to distinguish between native copper and smelted copper are addressed, especially what concerns the role of iron in copper. kilns. Metallurgy is an independent development. The decisive factor was the introduction of charcoal that was important to produce reducing conditions during firing. The earliest stages in metallurgy are represented by a non-slagging process. Reduction of ores was carried out in crucibles as exemplified by finds from Anatolia, Iran, Jordan, and the Iberian Peninsula. Special attention is paid to the putative early stages of metallurgy claimed to exist at that age. The is called Neolithic and Chalcolithic copper smelting there is critically prooved in the light of radio carbon data. Wind-powered furnaces played a major role in Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy, as exemplified by sites in the Feinan-area, in Wadi Dara, Egypt, and at numerous sites in the Aegean. Later, artificial air supply by bellows and tuyeres was introduced. |