A 64 × 64 SPAD-Based Indirect Time-of-Flight Image Sensor With 2-Tap Analog Pulse Counters
| العنوان: | A 64 × 64 SPAD-Based Indirect Time-of-Flight Image Sensor With 2-Tap Analog Pulse Counters |
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| المؤلفون: | Youngcheol Chae, Chanmin Park, Myung-Jae Lee, Injun Park, Yoondeok Na, Byungchoul Park, Woojun Choi |
| المصدر: | IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 56:2956-2967 |
| بيانات النشر: | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2021. |
| سنة النشر: | 2021 |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | Physics, Avalanche diode, Optics, Band-pass filter, Pixel, business.industry, Demodulation, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Image sensor, Frame rate, business, Dot pitch, Group delay and phase delay |
| الوصف: | This article presents a 64 $\times $ 64 indirect time-of-flight (iToF) image sensor with a depth range of 50 m, integrated into a 1P4M 110-nm CMOS process. The sensor is based on a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), the range-dependent phase delay of which is measured by compact analog time-gated pulse counters and then read out by column-parallel single-slope (SS) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). We present two prototypes of iToF sensors that exploit one- or two-tap counters in the pixel. Compared to the one-tap sensor, the two-tap sensor achieves an improved fill factor of 26.3% with a pixel pitch of 32 $\mu \text {m}$ . This improvement is realized by using a retrograde deep n-well as guard-ring structure and two analog counters whose layout has been optimized. By utilizing two different demodulation frequencies of 1.56 and 50 MHz, the two-tap sensor achieves a large depth range of 50 m with a relative depth uncertainty of 0.22% and a high 3-D frame rate of 65 frames/s. When using an optical bandpass filter and multi-frame accumulation, the sensor shows a tolerance of 120-klx sunlight. Compared with the previous iToF benchmarks, the proposed SPAD-based iToF sensor demonstrates the largest depth range without compromising the relative depth uncertainty. |
| تدمد: | 1558-173X 0018-9200 |
| DOI: | 10.1109/jssc.2021.3094524 |
| URL الوصول: | https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::016a7f7366b8c71a0b0d5b716ab24832 https://doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3094524 |
| Rights: | CLOSED |
| رقم الانضمام: | edsair.doi...........016a7f7366b8c71a0b0d5b716ab24832 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | OpenAIRE |
| تدمد: | 1558173X 00189200 |
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| DOI: | 10.1109/jssc.2021.3094524 |