| مستخلص: |
The battle of Mühlberg (23 April 1547) began a brief period of dominance of German affairs by Emperor Charles V. In the wake of his victory, Charles, a zealous Catholic, attempted to undo the effects of the Reformation and bring the church under his control by engineering the Augsburg Interim. This was nominally a Catholic-Protestant compromise, but it was seen by most Protestants as an attempt to lead the "free" German church back into Catholic and Latin "servitude." This article examines the differing visions of religion held by the Interim's supporters and opponents. For the Interim, religion centers on sacerdotal authority and social order, whereas for the Lutherans who opposed it religion concerned faith, salvation, and conscience. The struggle over religion was also a struggle over the shape of German society, as emperor, princes, and urban leaders attempted to realize their visions of religious practice and meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |