| مستخلص: |
Automated in-situ snow measurements allow for continuous observations and extensive measurement networks into unpopulated areas. The collected information of essential snow parameters (e.g. snow water equivalent (SWE) and snow depth) is important for weather prediction, climate modelling and interpretation of remote sensing observations. The Arctic Space Centre of Finnish Meteorological Institute in Sodankylä has several field experiment sites, where automated and manual snow observations are performed e.g. for the purposes of operational weather services and development of remote sensing applications. The first automated snow measurements in Sodankylä were snow depth and snow temperature profile installed in 2000. The major snow observations were established in 2006, when tower-based optical radiance measurements and manual snow pit measurements started. Automated reference measurements including snow on the ground observations were installed following this. Tower-based microwave observations have been made since 2009 for remote sensing related purposes. The three measurement sites, the Intensive Observation Area, the bog site and the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) tower site, have hosted the tower-based observations, and most of the automated in-situ snow measurements. In addition, the WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (SPICE) had a measurement site in Sodankylä in 2013-2015, involving several automatic snow on the ground instruments measuring snow depth and SWE. In this study, the automated snow depth, SWE and snow temperature profile measurements are compared with the manual observations to study the accuracy of the automated measurements. For the examined periods, the correlation of observations is strong with correlation coefficients between 0.93 and 0.96, p-values of <0.001, and average bias around 10 % for the snow depth (absolute bias of 7.9 cm) and snow temperature (absolute bias of 0.3 °C) and approximately 2 % for SWE (absolute bias of 1.0 mm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |