Patent
Quinoline compounds
العنوان: | Quinoline compounds |
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Patent Number: | 8,008,306 |
تاريخ النشر: | August 30, 2011 |
Appl. No: | 12/430397 |
Application Filed: | April 27, 2009 |
مستخلص: | To provide a novel LXRβ agonist that is useful as a preventative and/or therapeutic agent for atherosclerosis; arteriosclerosis such as those resulting from diabetes; dyslipidemia; hypercholesterolemia; lipid-related diseases; inflammatory diseases that are caused by inflammatory cytokines; skin diseases such as allergic skin diseases; diabetes; or Alzheimer's disease. A quinoline compound represented by the following general formula (1) or salt thereof, or their solvate. [chemical expression included] |
Inventors: | Koura, Minoru (Higashimurayama, JP); Okuda, Ayumu (Higashimurayama, JP); Matsuda, Takayuki (Higashimurayama, JP); Yamaguchi, Yuki (Higashimurayama, JP); Sumida, Hisashi (Higashimurayama, JP); Kurobuchi, Sayaka (Higashimurayama, JP); Watanabe, Yuichiro (Higashimurayama, JP); Enomoto, Takashi (Higashimurayama, JP); Shibuya, Kimiyuki (Higashimurayama, JP) |
Assignees: | Kowa Company, Ltd. (Nagoya-shi, Aichi, JP) |
Claim: | 1. A quinoline compound represented by the following general formula (1) or salt thereof: [chemical expression included] (wherein R 1 represents a hydrogen atom, halogen atom, C 1-8 alkyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl group, C 2-8 alkenyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkenyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkenyl-C 1-8 alkyl group, C 1-8 alkoxy group, C 6-10 aryl group, C 6-10 aryl C 1-8 alkyl group, C 6-10 aryl C 2-6 alkenyl group, C 1-8 acyl group, C 6-10 arylcarbonyl group, C 1-8 alkylthio group, C 1-8 alkylsulfinyl group, C 1-8 alkylsulfonyl group, C 6-10 arylsulfonyl group, nitro group, amino group, mono C 1-8 alkylamino group, di C 1-8 alkylamino group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl C 1-8 alkyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl C 2-8 alkenyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl C 2-8 alkynyl group, halo C 1-8 alkyl group, or cyano group, wherein the C 6-10 aryl may be substituted with 1 to 3 same or different substituents selected from the following group A; R 2 represents a hydrogen atom, C 1-8 alkyl group, halo C 1-8 alkyl group, or halogen atom; R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, halogen atom, or C 1-8 alkyl group; R 7 and R 8 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, C 1-8 alkyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl C 1-8 alkyl group, C 6-10 aryl group, or 5- to 11-membered heterocyclic group, wherein the C 6-10 aryl and 5- to 11-membered heterocycle may be substituted with 1 to 3 same or different substituents selected from the following group A, or R 7 and R 8 may together form a 5- to 7-membered carbocycle; R 9 represents a hydrogen atom, C 1-8 alkyl group, halo C 1-6 alkyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl group, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl C 1-8 alkyl group; X represents a bond or a C 1-8 alkyl chain, C 6-10 aryl chain, or 5- to 11-membered heteroaryl chain; Y represents a —O—, —S—, or —N(R 10)—; R 10 represents a hydrogen atom or C 1-8 alkyl group; and L represents a C 1-8 alkyl chain or C 2-8 alkenyl chain), [Group A: halogen atom, C 1-8 alkyl group, halo C 1-8 alkyl group, C 2-8 alkenyl group, C 2-8 alkynyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl group, cyano group, nitro group, hydroxy group, amino group, mono C 1-8 alkylamino group, di C 1-8 alkylamino group, C 1-8 alkoxy group, halo C 1-8 alkoxy group, C 1-8 acyl group, carboxyl group, C 1-8 acyloxy group, C 1-8 alkoxycarbonyl group, carbamoyl group, C 6-10 aryl group, 5- to 11-membered heteroaryl group, C 6-10 aryl C 1-8 alkoxy group, C 1-8 alkylthio group, C 1-8 alkylsulfinyl group, C 1-8 alkylsulfonyl group, C 6-10 arylthio group, C 6-10 arylsulfinyl group, and C 6-10 arylsulfonyl group]. |
Claim: | 2. The quinoline compound or salt thereof according to claim 1 , wherein R 1 is a C 1-8 alkyl group or C 6-10 aryl C 1-8 alkyl group. |
Claim: | 3. The quinoline compound or salt thereof according to claim 1 , wherein R 2 is a halo C 1-8 alkyl group. |
Claim: | 4. The quinoline compound or salt thereof according to claim 1 , wherein R 7 and R 8 are each independently a C 1-8 alkyl group, C 6-10 aryl group, or 5- to 11-membered heterocyclic group, wherein the C 6-10 aryl and 5- to 11-membered heterocycle may be substituted with 1 to 3 same or different substituents selected from the following group A, [Group A: halogen atom, C 1-8 alkyl group, halo C 1-8 alkyl group, C 2-8 alkenyl group, C 2-8 alkynyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl group, cyano group, nitro group, hydroxy group, amino group, mono C 1-8 alkylamino group, di C 1-8 alkylamino group, C 1-8 alkoxy group, halo C 1-8 alkoxy group, C 1-8 acyl group, carboxyl group, C 1-8 acyloxy group, C 1-8 alkoxycarbonyl group, carbamoyl group, C 6-10 aryl group, 5- to 11-membered heteroaryl group, C 6-10 aryl C 1-8 alkoxy group, C 1-8 alkylthio group, C 1-8 alkylsulfinyl group, C 1-8 alkylsulfonyl group, C 6-10 arylthio group, C 6-10 arylsulfinyl group, and C 6-10 arylsulfonyl group]. |
Claim: | 5. A medicine composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the quinoline compound or salt thereof according to claim 1 as an active ingredient. |
Claim: | 6. The medicine composition according to claim 5 , which is a therapeutic agent for atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis resulting from diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, or Alzheimer's disease. |
Claim: | 7. An LXR regulator containing the quinoline compound or salt thereof according to claim 1 as an active ingredient. |
Claim: | 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the quinoline compound or salt thereof according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. |
Claim: | 9. A method for treating atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis resulting from diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, or Alzheimer's disease, in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of the quinoline compound or salt thereof according to claim 1 . |
Claim: | 10. A medicine composition according to claim 5 , wherein the medicine composition is administered in the form of an oral preparation, injection, suppository, ointment, inhalation, eye-drops, nasal preparation, or adhesive patch. |
Claim: | 11. The LXR regulator according to claim 7 , wherein said LXR regulator has a higher selectivity for activating LXRβ expression than a LXRα expression. |
Current U.S. Class: | 51425/505 |
Patent References Cited: | 2005/0215577 September 2005 Dehmlow 527433 February 1993 2002-539155 November 2002 2004-509161 March 2004 00/54759 September 2000 02/24632 March 2002 03/082192 October 2003 2004/024161 March 2004 2004/058717 July 2004 2004/072046 August 2004 2005/023188 March 2005 2005/058834 June 2005 |
Other References: | Byrn et al. Solid-State Chemistry of Drugs, 2d, Chapter 11 Hydrates and Solvates, 233-247 (1999). cited by examiner Morissette et al. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2004, 56, 275-300. cited by examiner A.M. Rouhi, Chem. & Eng. News, Feb. 24, 2003, 81(8), 32-35. cited by examiner Schafer et al. Drug Discovery Today, 13:913 (2008). cited by examiner Horig et al. Journal of Translational Medicine, 2:44 (2004). cited by examiner G. Cao et al., “Antidiabetic Action of a Liver X Receptor Agonist Mediated by Inhibition of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis”, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Jan. 10, 2003, pp. 1131-1136, vol. 278, No. 10. cited by other M. N. Bradley et al., “LXR: A nuclear receptor target for cardiovascular disease?”, Drug Discovery Today: Therapeutic Strategies, 2005, pp. 97-103, vol. 2, No. 2. cited by other N. Zelcer et al., “Liver X receptors as integrators of metabolic and inflammatory signaling”, The Journal of Clinical Investigation, Mar. 2006, pp. 607-614, vol. 116, No. 3. cited by other N. Terasaka et al., “T-0901317, a synthetic liver X receptor ligand, inhibits development of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice”, Federation of European Biochemical Societies, 2003, pp. 6-11, Letters 536. cited by other R. K. Tangirala et al., “Identification of macrophage liver X receptors as inhibitors of atherosclerosis”, PNAS, Sep. 3, 2002, pp. 11896-11901, vol. 99, No. 18. cited by other J. R. Schultz et al., “Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis”, Genes & Development, 2002, pp. 2831-2838. cited by other P. H. E. Groot et al., “Synthetic LXR agonists increase LDL in CETP species”, Journal of Lipid Research, 2005, pp. 2182-2191, vol. 46. cited by other D. J. Peet et al, “Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism Are Impaired in Mice Lacking the Nuclear Oxysterol Receptor LXRα”, Cell, May 29, 1998, pp. 693-704, vol. 93. cited by other S. B. Joseph et al., “Reciprocal regulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism by liver X receptors”, Nature Medicine, Feb. 2003, pp. 213-219, vol. 9, No. 2. cited by other E. G. Lund et al., “Liver X Receptor Agonists as Potential Therapeutic Agents for Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis”, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, Jul. 2003, pp. 1169-1177. cited by other D. Auboeuf et al., “Tissue Distribution and Quantification of the Expression of mRNAs of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Liver X Receptor-in Humans”, Diabetes, Aug. 1997, pp. 1319-1327, vol. 46. cited by other S. Alberti et al., “Hepatic cholesterol metabolism and resistance to dietary cholesterol in LXRβ-deficient mice”, The Journal of Clinical Investigation, Mar. 2001, pp. 565-573, vol. 107, No. 5. cited by other B. Hu et al., “Further modification on phenyl acetic acid based quinolines as liver X receptor modulators”, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2007, pp. 3321-3333, vol. 15. cited by other B. Hu et al., “Carboxylic acid based quinolines as liver X receptor modulators that have LXRβ receptor binding selectivity”, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2007, pp. 54-59, vol. 18. cited by other X. Fu et al., “27-Hydroxycholesterol is an Endogenous Ligand for Liver X Receptor in Cholesterol-loaded Cells”, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2001, pp. 38378-38387, vol. 276, No. 42. cited by other R. Geyeregger et al., “Liver X receptors in cardiovascular and metabolic disease”, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2006, pp. 524-539, vol. 63. cited by other B. A. Janowski et al, “An oxysterol signalling pathway mediated by the nuclear receptor LXRα”, Nature, Oct. 24, 1996, pp. 728-731, vol. 383. cited by other B. Hu et al., “Discovery of Phenyl Acetic Acid Substituted Quinolines as Novel Liver X Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis”, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Sep. 9, 2006, pp. 6151-6154, vol. 49. cited by other T. T. Lu et al., Orphan Nuclear Receptors as eLiXiRs and FiXeRs of Sterol Metabolism, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2001, pp. 37735-37738, vol. 276, No. 41. cited by other D. S. Lala, “The liver X receptors”, Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs, 2005, pp. 934-943, vol. 6, No. 9. cited by other J. M. Lehmann et al., “Activation of the Nuclear Receptor LXR by Oxysterols Defines a New Hormone Response Pathway”, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1997, pp. 3137-3140, vol. 272, No. 6. cited by other B. A. Laffitte et al., “Activation of liver X receptor improves glucose tolerance through coordinate regulation of glucose metabolism in liver and adipose tissue”, PNAS, Apr. 29, 2003, pp. 5419-5424, vol. 100, No. 9. cited by other |
Assistant Examiner: | Barker, Michael |
Primary Examiner: | Chu, Yong |
Attorney, Agent or Firm: | Westerman, Hattori, Daniels & Adrian, LLP |
رقم الانضمام: | edspgr.08008306 |
قاعدة البيانات: | USPTO Patent Grants |
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edspgr USPTO Patent Grants edspgr.08008306 721 3 Patent patent 721.26123046875 |
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Array ( [Name] => DocumentID [Label] => Patent Number [Group] => Patent [Data] => 8,008,306 ) Array ( [Name] => DateEntry [Label] => Publication Date [Group] => Patent [Data] => August 30, 2011 ) Array ( [Name] => DocumentID [Label] => Appl. No [Group] => Patent [Data] => 12/430397 ) Array ( [Name] => DateFiled [Label] => Application Filed [Group] => Patent [Data] => April 27, 2009 ) Array ( [Name] => Abstract [Label] => Abstract [Group] => Ab [Data] => To provide a novel LXRβ agonist that is useful as a preventative and/or therapeutic agent for atherosclerosis; arteriosclerosis such as those resulting from diabetes; dyslipidemia; hypercholesterolemia; lipid-related diseases; inflammatory diseases that are caused by inflammatory cytokines; skin diseases such as allergic skin diseases; diabetes; or Alzheimer's disease. A quinoline compound represented by the following general formula (1) or salt thereof, or their solvate. [chemical expression included] ) Array ( [Name] => Author [Label] => Inventors [Group] => Patent [Data] => <searchLink fieldCode="ZA" term="%22Koura%2C+Minoru%22">Koura, Minoru</searchLink> (Higashimurayama, JP); <searchLink fieldCode="ZA" term="%22Okuda%2C+Ayumu%22">Okuda, Ayumu</searchLink> (Higashimurayama, JP); <searchLink fieldCode="ZA" term="%22Matsuda%2C+Takayuki%22">Matsuda, Takayuki</searchLink> (Higashimurayama, JP); <searchLink fieldCode="ZA" term="%22Yamaguchi%2C+Yuki%22">Yamaguchi, Yuki</searchLink> (Higashimurayama, JP); <searchLink fieldCode="ZA" term="%22Sumida%2C+Hisashi%22">Sumida, Hisashi</searchLink> (Higashimurayama, JP); <searchLink fieldCode="ZA" term="%22Kurobuchi%2C+Sayaka%22">Kurobuchi, Sayaka</searchLink> (Higashimurayama, JP); <searchLink fieldCode="ZA" term="%22Watanabe%2C+Yuichiro%22">Watanabe, Yuichiro</searchLink> (Higashimurayama, JP); <searchLink fieldCode="ZA" term="%22Enomoto%2C+Takashi%22">Enomoto, Takashi</searchLink> (Higashimurayama, JP); <searchLink fieldCode="ZA" term="%22Shibuya%2C+Kimiyuki%22">Shibuya, Kimiyuki</searchLink> (Higashimurayama, JP) ) Array ( [Name] => OtherAuthors [Label] => Assignees [Group] => Patent [Data] => <searchLink fieldCode="ZS" term="%22Kowa+Company%2C+Ltd%2E%22">Kowa Company, Ltd.</searchLink> (Nagoya-shi, Aichi, JP) ) Array ( [Name] => Comment [Label] => Claim [Group] => Patent [Data] => 1. A quinoline compound represented by the following general formula (1) or salt thereof: [chemical expression included] (wherein R 1 represents a hydrogen atom, halogen atom, C 1-8 alkyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl group, C 2-8 alkenyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkenyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkenyl-C 1-8 alkyl group, C 1-8 alkoxy group, C 6-10 aryl group, C 6-10 aryl C 1-8 alkyl group, C 6-10 aryl C 2-6 alkenyl group, C 1-8 acyl group, C 6-10 arylcarbonyl group, C 1-8 alkylthio group, C 1-8 alkylsulfinyl group, C 1-8 alkylsulfonyl group, C 6-10 arylsulfonyl group, nitro group, amino group, mono C 1-8 alkylamino group, di C 1-8 alkylamino group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl C 1-8 alkyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl C 2-8 alkenyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl C 2-8 alkynyl group, halo C 1-8 alkyl group, or cyano group, wherein the C 6-10 aryl may be substituted with 1 to 3 same or different substituents selected from the following group A; R 2 represents a hydrogen atom, C 1-8 alkyl group, halo C 1-8 alkyl group, or halogen atom; R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, halogen atom, or C 1-8 alkyl group; R 7 and R 8 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, C 1-8 alkyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl C 1-8 alkyl group, C 6-10 aryl group, or 5- to 11-membered heterocyclic group, wherein the C 6-10 aryl and 5- to 11-membered heterocycle may be substituted with 1 to 3 same or different substituents selected from the following group A, or R 7 and R 8 may together form a 5- to 7-membered carbocycle; R 9 represents a hydrogen atom, C 1-8 alkyl group, halo C 1-6 alkyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl group, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl C 1-8 alkyl group; X represents a bond or a C 1-8 alkyl chain, C 6-10 aryl chain, or 5- to 11-membered heteroaryl chain; Y represents a —O—, —S—, or —N(R 10)—; R 10 represents a hydrogen atom or C 1-8 alkyl group; and L represents a C 1-8 alkyl chain or C 2-8 alkenyl chain), [Group A: halogen atom, C 1-8 alkyl group, halo C 1-8 alkyl group, C 2-8 alkenyl group, C 2-8 alkynyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl group, cyano group, nitro group, hydroxy group, amino group, mono C 1-8 alkylamino group, di C 1-8 alkylamino group, C 1-8 alkoxy group, halo C 1-8 alkoxy group, C 1-8 acyl group, carboxyl group, C 1-8 acyloxy group, C 1-8 alkoxycarbonyl group, carbamoyl group, C 6-10 aryl group, 5- to 11-membered heteroaryl group, C 6-10 aryl C 1-8 alkoxy group, C 1-8 alkylthio group, C 1-8 alkylsulfinyl group, C 1-8 alkylsulfonyl group, C 6-10 arylthio group, C 6-10 arylsulfinyl group, and C 6-10 arylsulfonyl group]. ) Array ( [Name] => Comment [Label] => Claim [Group] => Patent [Data] => 2. The quinoline compound or salt thereof according to claim 1 , wherein R 1 is a C 1-8 alkyl group or C 6-10 aryl C 1-8 alkyl group. ) Array ( [Name] => Comment [Label] => Claim [Group] => Patent [Data] => 3. The quinoline compound or salt thereof according to claim 1 , wherein R 2 is a halo C 1-8 alkyl group. ) Array ( [Name] => Comment [Label] => Claim [Group] => Patent [Data] => 4. The quinoline compound or salt thereof according to claim 1 , wherein R 7 and R 8 are each independently a C 1-8 alkyl group, C 6-10 aryl group, or 5- to 11-membered heterocyclic group, wherein the C 6-10 aryl and 5- to 11-membered heterocycle may be substituted with 1 to 3 same or different substituents selected from the following group A, [Group A: halogen atom, C 1-8 alkyl group, halo C 1-8 alkyl group, C 2-8 alkenyl group, C 2-8 alkynyl group, C 3-8 cycloalkyl group, cyano group, nitro group, hydroxy group, amino group, mono C 1-8 alkylamino group, di C 1-8 alkylamino group, C 1-8 alkoxy group, halo C 1-8 alkoxy group, C 1-8 acyl group, carboxyl group, C 1-8 acyloxy group, C 1-8 alkoxycarbonyl group, carbamoyl group, C 6-10 aryl group, 5- to 11-membered heteroaryl group, C 6-10 aryl C 1-8 alkoxy group, C 1-8 alkylthio group, C 1-8 alkylsulfinyl group, C 1-8 alkylsulfonyl group, C 6-10 arylthio group, C 6-10 arylsulfinyl group, and C 6-10 arylsulfonyl group]. ) Array ( [Name] => Comment [Label] => Claim [Group] => Patent [Data] => 5. A medicine composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the quinoline compound or salt thereof according to claim 1 as an active ingredient. ) Array ( [Name] => Comment [Label] => Claim [Group] => Patent [Data] => 6. The medicine composition according to claim 5 , which is a therapeutic agent for atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis resulting from diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, or Alzheimer's disease. ) Array ( [Name] => Comment [Label] => Claim [Group] => Patent [Data] => 7. An LXR regulator containing the quinoline compound or salt thereof according to claim 1 as an active ingredient. ) Array ( [Name] => Comment [Label] => Claim [Group] => Patent [Data] => 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the quinoline compound or salt thereof according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. ) Array ( [Name] => Comment [Label] => Claim [Group] => Patent [Data] => 9. A method for treating atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis resulting from diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, or Alzheimer's disease, in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of the quinoline compound or salt thereof according to claim 1 . ) Array ( [Name] => Comment [Label] => Claim [Group] => Patent [Data] => 10. A medicine composition according to claim 5 , wherein the medicine composition is administered in the form of an oral preparation, injection, suppository, ointment, inhalation, eye-drops, nasal preparation, or adhesive patch. ) Array ( [Name] => Comment [Label] => Claim [Group] => Patent [Data] => 11. The LXR regulator according to claim 7 , wherein said LXR regulator has a higher selectivity for activating LXRβ expression than a LXRα expression. ) Array ( [Name] => CodeClass [Label] => Current U.S. Class [Group] => Patent [Data] => 51425/505 ) Array ( [Name] => Ref [Label] => Patent References Cited [Group] => Patent [Data] => <searchLink fieldCode="RF" term="%222005%2E0215577%22">2005/0215577</searchLink> September 2005 Dehmlow<br /><searchLink fieldCode="RF" term="%22527433%22">527433</searchLink> February 1993<br /><searchLink fieldCode="RF" term="%222002%2E539155%22">2002-539155</searchLink> November 2002<br /><searchLink fieldCode="RF" term="%222004%2E509161%22">2004-509161</searchLink> March 2004<br /><searchLink fieldCode="RF" term="%22%2E54759%22">00/54759</searchLink> September 2000<br /><searchLink fieldCode="RF" term="%222%2E24632%22">02/24632</searchLink> March 2002<br /><searchLink fieldCode="RF" term="%223%2E082192%22">03/082192</searchLink> October 2003<br /><searchLink fieldCode="RF" term="%222004%2E024161%22">2004/024161</searchLink> March 2004<br /><searchLink fieldCode="RF" term="%222004%2E058717%22">2004/058717</searchLink> July 2004<br /><searchLink fieldCode="RF" term="%222004%2E072046%22">2004/072046</searchLink> August 2004<br /><searchLink fieldCode="RF" term="%222005%2E023188%22">2005/023188</searchLink> March 2005<br /><searchLink fieldCode="RF" term="%222005%2E058834%22">2005/058834</searchLink> June 2005<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> ) Array ( [Name] => Ref [Label] => Other References [Group] => Patent [Data] => Byrn et al. Solid-State Chemistry of Drugs, 2d, Chapter 11 Hydrates and Solvates, 233-247 (1999). cited by examiner<br />Morissette et al. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2004, 56, 275-300. cited by examiner<br />A.M. Rouhi, Chem. & Eng. News, Feb. 24, 2003, 81(8), 32-35. cited by examiner<br />Schafer et al. Drug Discovery Today, 13:913 (2008). cited by examiner<br />Horig et al. Journal of Translational Medicine, 2:44 (2004). cited by examiner<br />G. Cao et al., “Antidiabetic Action of a Liver X Receptor Agonist Mediated by Inhibition of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis”, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Jan. 10, 2003, pp. 1131-1136, vol. 278, No. 10. cited by other<br />M. N. Bradley et al., “LXR: A nuclear receptor target for cardiovascular disease?”, Drug Discovery Today: Therapeutic Strategies, 2005, pp. 97-103, vol. 2, No. 2. cited by other<br />N. Zelcer et al., “Liver X receptors as integrators of metabolic and inflammatory signaling”, The Journal of Clinical Investigation, Mar. 2006, pp. 607-614, vol. 116, No. 3. cited by other<br />N. Terasaka et al., “T-0901317, a synthetic liver X receptor ligand, inhibits development of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice”, Federation of European Biochemical Societies, 2003, pp. 6-11, Letters 536. cited by other<br />R. K. Tangirala et al., “Identification of macrophage liver X receptors as inhibitors of atherosclerosis”, PNAS, Sep. 3, 2002, pp. 11896-11901, vol. 99, No. 18. cited by other<br />J. R. Schultz et al., “Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis”, Genes & Development, 2002, pp. 2831-2838. cited by other<br />P. H. E. Groot et al., “Synthetic LXR agonists increase LDL in CETP species”, Journal of Lipid Research, 2005, pp. 2182-2191, vol. 46. cited by other<br />D. J. Peet et al, “Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism Are Impaired in Mice Lacking the Nuclear Oxysterol Receptor LXRα”, Cell, May 29, 1998, pp. 693-704, vol. 93. cited by other<br />S. B. Joseph et al., “Reciprocal regulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism by liver X receptors”, Nature Medicine, Feb. 2003, pp. 213-219, vol. 9, No. 2. cited by other<br />E. G. Lund et al., “Liver X Receptor Agonists as Potential Therapeutic Agents for Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis”, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, Jul. 2003, pp. 1169-1177. cited by other<br />D. Auboeuf et al., “Tissue Distribution and Quantification of the Expression of mRNAs of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Liver X Receptor-in Humans”, Diabetes, Aug. 1997, pp. 1319-1327, vol. 46. cited by other<br />S. Alberti et al., “Hepatic cholesterol metabolism and resistance to dietary cholesterol in LXRβ-deficient mice”, The Journal of Clinical Investigation, Mar. 2001, pp. 565-573, vol. 107, No. 5. cited by other<br />B. Hu et al., “Further modification on phenyl acetic acid based quinolines as liver X receptor modulators”, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2007, pp. 3321-3333, vol. 15. cited by other<br />B. Hu et al., “Carboxylic acid based quinolines as liver X receptor modulators that have LXRβ receptor binding selectivity”, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2007, pp. 54-59, vol. 18. cited by other<br />X. Fu et al., “27-Hydroxycholesterol is an Endogenous Ligand for Liver X Receptor in Cholesterol-loaded Cells”, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2001, pp. 38378-38387, vol. 276, No. 42. cited by other<br />R. Geyeregger et al., “Liver X receptors in cardiovascular and metabolic disease”, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2006, pp. 524-539, vol. 63. cited by other<br />B. A. Janowski et al, “An oxysterol signalling pathway mediated by the nuclear receptor LXRα”, Nature, Oct. 24, 1996, pp. 728-731, vol. 383. cited by other<br />B. Hu et al., “Discovery of Phenyl Acetic Acid Substituted Quinolines as Novel Liver X Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis”, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Sep. 9, 2006, pp. 6151-6154, vol. 49. cited by other<br />T. T. Lu et al., Orphan Nuclear Receptors as eLiXiRs and FiXeRs of Sterol Metabolism, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2001, pp. 37735-37738, vol. 276, No. 41. cited by other<br />D. S. Lala, “The liver X receptors”, Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs, 2005, pp. 934-943, vol. 6, No. 9. cited by other<br />J. M. Lehmann et al., “Activation of the Nuclear Receptor LXR by Oxysterols Defines a New Hormone Response Pathway”, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1997, pp. 3137-3140, vol. 272, No. 6. cited by other<br />B. A. 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