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1Book
المؤلفون: Alessandro Silvestri
المساهمون: Kristen Poole e Suzanne Sutherland, Silvestri, Alessandro
مصطلحات موضوعية: The Renaissance age was pivotal for the organization and development of European polities’ fiscal systems. Because of the increasing costs of war and bureaucracy, rulers were in constant need of income. They had to organize systems of direct taxation that ensured regular and expected revenues to supplement the irregular income from indirect taxes and levies of various origins. The fiscal development of the Kingdom of Sicily was not different from that of other Renaissance monarchies and republics, except for its late development of regular direct taxation. For a long time, Sicilian monarchs largely relied on indirect taxation, continuing the fiscal policy established in previous centuries. These revenues were higher by far than those from occasional direct collections of money (collette) because the Crown possessed a huge royal demesne (i.e., towns, lands, and incomes pertaining to the monarchy). This meant sovereigns received significant income generated by customs duties and tolls paid at the urban level, as well as from various other levies, such as those imposed on the aristocracy, the church, and the island’s Jewish community. In addition to this, a few decades after the island lost its political independence (1409) and became a constituent member of the Crown of Aragon, a union of territories that also included the kingdoms of Aragon, Majorca, Sardinia, and Valencia, the Principality of Barcelona, as well as the realm of Naples between 1442 and 1458 and then from 1504 onward. Under Alfonso V of Aragon (1416–58), called the Magnanimous, the Sicilian parliament began periodically granting the Crown an amount of money (donativum, i.e., donation) in exchange for various demands on the king, de facto following the model of the Iberian parliamentary assemblies. This direct taxation allowed the monarch to receive a regular income as the donation was paid in instalments by the three estates that made up parliament (the baronial, the ecclesiastical, and the urban estates). In turn, a group of parliamentary members called deputati [deputies] administered the revenue collection on behalf of parliament, also precisely establishing the sum to be paid by the members of each estate, at the urban level
Time: the Crown obtained even larger sums from taxes on the wheat trade. A regular system of direct taxation was introduced in Sicily only in the mid-fifteenth century, although they suffered significant deterioration from the seventeenth century onward
Relation: ispartofbook:Routledge Resources Online - The Renaissance World; firstpage:N/A; lastpage:N/A; https://hdl.handle.net/11386/4830591; https://www.taylorfrancis.com/entries/10.4324/9780367347093-RERW115-1/taxation-renaissance-sicily-alessandro-silvestri-kristen-poole-suzanne-sutherland?context=rrorw&refId=c0cfd936-831a-48e2-b605-d38a993d2a30
الاتاحة: https://hdl.handle.net/11386/4830591
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367347093-RERW115-1
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/entries/10.4324/9780367347093-RERW115-1/taxation-renaissance-sicily-alessandro-silvestri-kristen-poole-suzanne-sutherland?context=rrorw&refId=c0cfd936-831a-48e2-b605-d38a993d2a30 -
2
المؤلفون: Silvestri, Alessandro
مصطلحات موضوعية: the Sicilian parliament began periodically granting the Crown an amount of money (donativum, continuing the fiscal policy established in previous centuries. These revenues were higher by far than those from occasional direct collections of money (collette) because the Crown possessed a huge royal demesne (i.e, and incomes pertaining to the monarchy). This meant sovereigns received significant income generated by customs duties and tolls paid at the urban level, such as those imposed on the aristocracy, the ecclesiastical, local governments independently organized the distribution of the fiscal burden due for the donation among their citizens. The donation remained the fundamental fiscal tool through which the Crown raised direct income during the entire early modern era when Sicily was a member the Spanish empire. It used the monies to fund various wars, Sardinia, and the urban estates). In turn, although they suffered significant deterioration from the seventeenth century onward, the Crown obtained even larger sums from taxes on the wheat trade. A regular system of direct taxation was introduced in Sicily only in the mid-fifteenth century, the Principality of Barcelona, as well as the realm of Naples between 1442 and 1458 and then from 1504 onward. Under Alfonso V of Aragon (1416–58), i.e, called the Magnanimous, and Valencia, as well as from various other levies, in particular, a group of parliamentary members called deputati [deputies] administered the revenue collection on behalf of parliament, and the island’s Jewish community. In addition to this, rulers were in constant need of income. They had to organize systems of direct taxation that ensured regular and expected revenues to supplement the irregular income from indirect taxes and levies of various origins. The fiscal development of the Kingdom of Sicily was not different from that of other Renaissance monarchies and republics, at the urban level, a few decades after the island lost its political independence (1409) and became a constituent member of the Crown of Aragon, Sicilian monarchs largely relied on indirect taxation, The Renaissance age was pivotal for the organization and development of European polities’ fiscal systems. Because of the increasing costs of war and bureaucracy, rulers were in constant need of income. They had to organize systems of direct taxation that ensured regular and expected revenues to supplement the irregular income from indirect taxes and levies of various origins. The fiscal development of the Kingdom of Sicily was not different from that of other Renaissance monarchies and republics, except for its late development of regular direct taxation. For a long time, Sicilian monarchs largely relied on indirect taxation, continuing the fiscal policy established in previous centuries. These revenues were higher by far than those from occasional direct collections of money (collette) because the Crown possessed a huge royal demesne (i.e., towns, lands, and incomes pertaining to the monarchy). This meant sovereigns received significant income generated by customs duties and tolls paid at the urban level, as well as from various other levies, such as those imposed on the aristocracy, the church, and the island’s Jewish community. In addition to this, the Crown obtained even larger sums from taxes on the wheat trade. A regular system of direct taxation was introduced in Sicily only in the mid-fifteenth century, a few decades after the island lost its political independence (1409) and became a constituent member of the Crown of Aragon, a union of territories that also included the kingdoms of Aragon, Majorca, Sardinia, and Valencia, the Principality of Barcelona, as well as the realm of Naples between 1442 and 1458 and then from 1504 onward. Under Alfonso V of Aragon (1416–58), called the Magnanimous, the Sicilian parliament began periodically granting the Crown an amount of money (donativum, i.e., donation) in exchange for various demands on the king, de facto following the model of the Iberian parliamentary assemblies. This direct taxation allowed the monarch to receive a regular income as the donation was paid in instalments by the three estates that made up parliament (the baronial, the ecclesiastical, and the urban estates). In turn, a group of parliamentary members called deputati [deputies] administered the revenue collection on behalf of parliament, also precisely establishing the sum to be paid by the members of each estate, at the urban level, local governments independently organized the distribution of the fiscal burden due for the donation among their citizens. The donation remained the fundamental fiscal tool through which the Crown raised direct income during the entire early modern era when Sicily was a member the Spanish empire. It used the monies to fund various wars, in particular, the defense of Sicily from the Turkish threat. But even as the donation was regularized, revenues from indirect taxation remained the main source of the Crown’s income, although they suffered significant deterioration from the seventeenth century onward, a union of territories that also included the kingdoms of Aragon, Majorca, the church, lands, donation) in exchange for various demands on the king, The Renaissance age was pivotal for the organization and development of European polities’ fiscal systems. Because of the increasing costs of war and bureaucracy, de facto following the model of the Iberian parliamentary assemblies. This direct taxation allowed the monarch to receive a regular income as the donation was paid in instalments by the three estates that made up parliament (the baronial, the defense of Sicily from the Turkish threat. But even as the donation was regularized, revenues from indirect taxation remained the main source of the Crown’s income, except for its late development of regular direct taxation. For a long time, towns, also precisely establishing the sum to be paid by the members of each estate
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3Book
المؤلفون: Alessandro Silvestri
المساهمون: Kristen Poole e Suzanne Sutherland, Silvestri, Alessandro
مصطلحات موضوعية: The Renaissance age was pivotal for the organization and development of European polities’ fiscal systems. Because of the increasing costs of war and bureaucracy, rulers were in constant need of income. They had to organize systems of direct taxation that ensured regular and expected revenues to supplement the irregular income from indirect taxes and levies of various origins. The fiscal development of the Kingdom of Sicily was not different from that of other Renaissance monarchies and republics, except for its late development of regular direct taxation. For a long time, Sicilian monarchs largely relied on indirect taxation, continuing the fiscal policy established in previous centuries. These revenues were higher by far than those from occasional direct collections of money (collette) because the Crown possessed a huge royal demesne (i.e, towns, lands, and incomes pertaining to the monarchy). This meant sovereigns received significant income generated by customs duties and tolls paid at the urban level, as well as from various other levies, such as those imposed on the aristocracy, the church, and the island’s Jewish community. In addition to this, a few decades after the island lost its political independence (1409) and became a constituent member of the Crown of Aragon, a union of territories that also included the kingdoms of Aragon, Majorca, Sardinia, and Valencia, the Principality of Barcelona, as well as the realm of Naples between 1442 and 1458 and then from 1504 onward. Under Alfonso V of Aragon (1416–58), called the Magnanimous, the Sicilian parliament began periodically granting the Crown an amount of money (donativum, i.e, donation) in exchange for various demands on the king, de facto following the model of the Iberian parliamentary assemblies. This direct taxation allowed the monarch to receive a regular income as the donation was paid in instalments by the three estates that made up parliament (the baronial, the ecclesiastical, and the urban estates). In turn, a group of parliamentary members called deputati [deputies] administered the revenue collection on behalf of parliament, also precisely establishing the sum to be paid by the members of each estate, at the urban level
Time: the Crown obtained even larger sums from taxes on the wheat trade. A regular system of direct taxation was introduced in Sicily only in the mid-fifteenth century, although they suffered significant deterioration from the seventeenth century onward
Relation: https://hdl.handle.net/11386/4830591
الاتاحة: https://hdl.handle.net/11386/4830591
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4Reducing Elderly Poverty in Thailand : The Role of Thailand's Pension and Social Assistance Programs
المؤلفون: World Bank
مصطلحات موضوعية: PENSION COST, STATE BANK, WORKER CONTRIBUTIONS, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, SAVINGS BANK, HEALTH INSURANCE, INFLATION, SOCIAL PENSION, POLICY MAKERS, EQUITIES, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, GOVERNMENT POLICY, PERSONAL INCOME, INFORMAL SECTOR, ELDERLY POPULATION, GOVERNMENT PENSION, PENSION, PENSION REGULATOR, FRAUD, RETIREMENT SAVINGS, WITHDRAWAL, EXCHANGE COMMISSION, OLD AGE, TRANSPARENCY, POLITICAL SUPPORT, WEDDINGS, BANK DEPOSITS, FERTILITY, RETIREMENT, OLDER PEOPLE, VULNERABILITY, ELDERLY, PENSION SAVINGS, DISABILITY, LIQUIDITY, INCOME LEVELS, PENSION BENEFIT, PENSION PLANS, INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICE, INVESTMENT MANAGERS, WORK FORCE, ACCOUNT HOLDERS, PENSION PROGRAM, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, BANK DEBT, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, MUTUAL FUND, TREASURY BILLS, PENSION SUPERVISION, INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNT, AGING POPULATION, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS, CITIZENS, NATIONAL SAVINGS, LIFE EXPECTANCY, POPULATION PROJECTIONS, INCOME TAX, CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT, PENSION TRANSFER, FORMAL PENSIONS, PENSION BENEFICIARIES, IRREGULAR INCOME, DISSEMINATION, SALARY HISTORY, PENSION PLAN, LIABILITY, HEALTH CARE, ELDERLY PERSONS, RETIREMENT AGE, PROVIDENT FUNDS, GOVERNMENT SAVINGS, INVESTMENT RATE, INCOME LEVEL, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, RETIREMENT PROGRAMS, DEPENDENCY RATIO, MOBILE PHONE, PENSION SCHEMES, MUTUAL FUNDS, LEGAL STATUS, SECURITIES, SOCIAL PENSIONS, BENEFIT LEVEL, MICROFINANCE, SOCIAL COST, REMOTE LOCATIONS, WORKFORCE, REAL ESTATE, ASSET VALUE, FAMILY SUPPORT, COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE CENTER, CORRUPTION, NATIONAL PENSION, PENSION ACCOUNTS, PENSION SYSTEM, FUND MANAGERS, GENDER, VOLATILITY, SOCIAL SAFETY NET, TRANSACTION, INVESTMENT INCOME, TAX, CONTRIBUTION RATES, ECONOMIC GROWTH, PENSION FUND, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, PERSONAL ASSETS, FAMILIES, STATE ENTERPRISE, VOLUNTARY PENSION, INFORMAL SECTORS, TRANSACTION COSTS, PENSION BENEFITS, INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, INVESTING, AGE DISTRIBUTION, BOTH SEXES, ECONOMIC CRISIS, FINANCIAL CRISIS, BASIC BENEFITS, INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTS, FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS, PENSION PROGRAMS, FEMALE, POST OFFICE, GOVERNMENT BONDS, MINIMUM BENEFIT, PRIVATE PENSION, RESERVES, FISCAL CONSTRAINTS, PENSION ACCOUNT, PENSION SCHEME, CONTRIBUTION PAYMENTS, BANK OFFICE, INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING, PRIMARY EDUCATION, SOLVENCY, PENSION POLICY, BENEFICIARY, INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES, ELDERLY PEOPLE, PENSIONERS, PUBLIC EDUCATION, DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PENSION, LABOR MARKET, DEBT INSTRUMENTS, MORTALITY, RETIREMENT PENSION, DEBT, DEPENDENCY RATIOS, PHONE BANKING, SOCIAL SECURITY, SHORT-TERM SAVINGS, CONTRIBUTION RATE, INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FAMILY MEMBERS, ANNUITIES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, MONTHLY CONTRIBUTIONS, REMOTE AREAS, CORPORATE DEBT, OLD-AGE PENSION, RETIREMENT INCOME, OLD-AGE, CREDIBILITY, DEFINED BENEFIT, INVESTMENT POLICY, PENSION AGE, WILL, ANNUITY, MARKET SECURITIES, POOR FAMILIES, SEXES, RATE OF RETURN, INSURANCE, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SEX, EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE, TREASURY, PENSION SYSTEMS, FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, SOCIAL PROTECTION, CONTRIBUTION COLLECTION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT SPENDING, EXPENDITURES, COMMERCIAL BANKS, INTERNATIONAL BANK, RATES OF RETURN, BENEFIT FORMULA, CIVIL SERVICE PENSION, HUMAN SECURITY, LEGAL FRAMEWORK, COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE, NATIONAL SAVING, LABOR FORCE, RETIREES, FUTURE PAYMENTS, PROVIDENT FUND, AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES, BENEFIT LEVELS, EXPENDITURE, PENSION PAYMENTS
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5
المؤلفون: Marguerite S. Robinson
المصدر: The Microfinance Revolution: Sustainable Finance for the Poor
مصطلحات موضوعية: COMMERCIAL TERMS, STATE BANK, Financial intermediary, TAX, LOCAL SAVINGS, BANKING SYSTEM, GENERAL PUBLIC, Financial system, SUSTAINABLE FINANCE, law.invention, INFLATION, INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, TRANSACTION COSTS, INCOME FLOWS, SAVINGS PATTERN, INFORMATION DISSEMINATION, STOCKS, GOVERNMENT POLICY, RURAL CREDIT POLICY, SAVINGS ACCOUNTS, SAVINGS SERVICES, FINANCIAL SYSTEMS, GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS, TRAINING PROGRAM, GOVERNMENT BUDGET, SKILLED WORKERS, LIVING STANDARDS, INCOMES, LOAN PRODUCT, BORROWER, INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES, LOANABLE FUNDS, BANKRUPTCIES, TOTAL COSTS, UNS, STATE BANKS, LOAN PORTFOLIOS, Finance, SAFETY NET, LOCAL FINANCE, LOCAL MONEYLENDERS, LIQUIDITY, RURAL FINANCIAL MARKETS, INTEREST RATES, ANNUAL INTEREST RATE, SAVINGS INSTRUMENTS, ARREARS, ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION, BANKING SECTOR, COMMERCIAL DEBT, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, INCOME STREAMS, SAVINGS PROGRAM, BUSINESS PLANNING, FUNGIBLE, LOCAL FINANCIAL MARKETS, COMMERCIAL LOANS, COMMERCIAL CREDIT, CENTRAL BANK, LOAN PORTFOLIO, LOAN BALANCE, COMMUNICATIONS DEVELOPMENT, law, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, Structured finance, LENDER, FORMAL FINANCIAL SECTOR, COMMERCIAL BANK, LOCAL MARKETS, IRREGULAR INCOME, GOOD CREDIT, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, SELF-SUFFICIENCY, CAPITAL MARKETS, IRA, LOAN PRODUCTS, INFORMAL FINANCE, RURAL FINANCE, BANK FAILURES, BEST PRACTICES, AGRICULTURAL CREDIT, BANKING SERVICES, SOCIAL SAFETY NETS, TRANSITION ECONOMIES, LONG-TERM INTEREST, BANKS, CONSUMER, INFLATION RATES, BANK RESTRUCTURING, LOAN SIZES, Geography of finance, BORROWING, BANK BRANCHES, LOAN, ACCESS TO CREDIT, INFORMAL CREDIT, INVESTMENT LOAN, COMMERCIAL BANKS, INTERNATIONAL BANK, SENIOR, ACCESS TO CAPITAL, LACK OF EXPERIENCE, CENTRAL BANKS, BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, LOAN PROGRAM, SUPERVISORY FRAMEWORK, Microfinance, business.industry, LOAN DECISIONS, LOCAL BANK, INCOME GROWTH, SAVINGS, SAVERS, BANKING LAWS, SMALL LOANS, INTEREST RATE, LOAN RATES, business, TRANSACTION