-
1Conference
المؤلفون: Valk-Draad, MP, Stahl, K, Bienstein, C, Heppner, HJ, Sönnichsen, A, Bachmann, HS, Thürmann, P, Gröne, O, Zietzsch, P, Hildebrandt, H, Klie, T, Bohnet-Joschko, S
المصدر: 21. Deutscher Kongress für Versorgungsforschung (DKVF); 20221005-20221007; Potsdam; DOC22dkvf177 /20220930/
مصطلحات موضوعية: ddc: 610
Relation: Bohnet-Joschko S, Valk-Draad MP, Schulte T, Groene O. Nursing home-sensitive conditions: analysis of routine health insurance data and modified Delphi analysis of potentially avoidable hospitalizations. F1000Res. 2021;10:1223. DOI:10.12688/f1000research.73875.2; Ouslander JG, Maslow K. Geriatrics and the triple aim: defining preventable hospitalizations in the long-term care population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012 Dec;60(12):2313-8. DOI:10.1111/jgs.12002; Trahan LM, Spiers JA, Cummings GG. Decisions to Transfer Nursing Home Residents to Emergency Departments: A Scoping Review of Contributing Factors and Staff Perspectives. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016 11;17(11):994-1005. DOI:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.05.012; http://dx.doi.org/10.3205/22dkvf177; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-22dkvf1778; http://www.egms.de/en/meetings/dkvf2022/22dkvf177.shtml
-
2Electronic Resource
المؤلفون: Mikula, P, Heppner, HJ
المصدر: 6. Alterstraumatologie Kongress 2024; 20240618-20240619; Essen; DOC36 /20240617/
مصطلحات الفهرس: Aortenklappenstenose, Orthogeriatrie, Aortenklappenstenose und Sturz, ddc: 610, conferenceObject
-
3Conference
المؤلفون: Wiedemann, A, Ivchenko, A, Heppner, HJ
المصدر: 46. Gemeinsame Tagung der Bayerischen Urologenvereinigung und der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Urologie und Andrologie; 20200514-20200516; Nürnberg; DOC20urobay062 /20200730/
مصطلحات موضوعية: ddc: 610
Relation: http://dx.doi.org/10.3205/20urobay062; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-20urobay0628; http://www.egms.de/en/meetings/urobay2020/20urobay062.shtml
-
4Conference
المؤلفون: Wiedemann, A, Püttmann, J, Heppner, HJ
المصدر: 46. Gemeinsame Tagung der Bayerischen Urologenvereinigung und der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Urologie und Andrologie; 20200514-20200516; Nürnberg; DOC20urobay054 /20200730/
مصطلحات موضوعية: ddc: 610
Relation: http://dx.doi.org/10.3205/20urobay054; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-20urobay0544; http://www.egms.de/en/meetings/urobay2020/20urobay054.shtml
-
5Conference
المؤلفون: Wiedemann, A, Küper, L, Heppner, HJ
المصدر: 46. Gemeinsame Tagung der Bayerischen Urologenvereinigung und der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Urologie und Andrologie; 20200514-20200516; Nürnberg; DOC20urobay056 /20200730/
مصطلحات موضوعية: ddc: 610
Relation: http://dx.doi.org/10.3205/20urobay056; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-20urobay0567; http://www.egms.de/en/meetings/urobay2020/20urobay056.shtml
-
6Conference
المؤلفون: Wiedemann, A, Knoblauch, M, Heppner, HJ
المصدر: 46. Gemeinsame Tagung der Bayerischen Urologenvereinigung und der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Urologie und Andrologie; 20200514-20200516; Nürnberg; DOC20urobay060 /20200730/
مصطلحات موضوعية: ddc: 610
Relation: http://dx.doi.org/10.3205/20urobay060; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-20urobay0604; http://www.egms.de/en/meetings/urobay2020/20urobay060.shtml
-
7Conference
المؤلفون: Wiedemann, A, Wechselberger, L, Heppner, HJ
المصدر: 46. Gemeinsame Tagung der Bayerischen Urologenvereinigung und der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Urologie und Andrologie; 20200514-20200516; Nürnberg; DOC20urobay058 /20200730/
مصطلحات موضوعية: ddc: 610
Relation: http://dx.doi.org/10.3205/20urobay058; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-20urobay0587; http://www.egms.de/en/meetings/urobay2020/20urobay058.shtml
-
8Conference
المؤلفون: Wiedemann, A, Haider, S, Heppner, HJ
المصدر: 46. Gemeinsame Tagung der Bayerischen Urologenvereinigung und der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Urologie und Andrologie; 20200514-20200516; Nürnberg; DOC20urobay061 /20200730/
مصطلحات موضوعية: ddc: 610
Relation: http://dx.doi.org/10.3205/20urobay061; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-20urobay0619; http://www.egms.de/en/meetings/urobay2020/20urobay061.shtml
-
9Academic Journal
المؤلفون: Walger, P, Heppner, HJ
المصدر: GMS Infectious Diseases; VOL: 8; DOC05 /20200326/
مصطلحات موضوعية: ddc: 610
Relation: Afilalo J, Steele R, Manning WJ, Khabbaz KR, Rudski LG, Langlois Y, Morin JF, Picard MH. Derivation and Validation of Prognosis-Based Age Cutoffs to Define Elderly in Cardiac Surgery. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2016 Jul;9(4):424-31. DOI:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.002409; Altena R, van Roon E, Folkeringa R, de Wit H, Hoogendoorn M. Clinical challenges related to novel oral anticoagulants: drug-drug interactions and monitoring. Haematologica. 2014 Feb;99(2):e26-7. DOI:10.3324/haematol.2013.097287; Antoniou T, Gomes T, Juurlink DN, Loutfy MR, Glazier RH, Mamdani MM. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-induced hyperkalemia in patients receiving inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Jun;170(12):1045-9. DOI:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.142; Bauer JM, Sieber CC. Frailty: ein neues Syndrom mit hoher Relevanz für den Arzt in einer alternden Gesellschaft. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2007;112(2):1-4.; Beckett CL, Harbarth S, Huttner B. Special considerations of antibiotic prescription in the geriatric population. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015 Jan;21(1):3-9. DOI:10.1016/j.cmi.2014.08.018; Beers MH. Explicit criteria for determining potentially inappropriate medication use by the elderly. An update. Arch Intern Med. 1997 Jul;157(14):1531-6. DOI:10.1001/archinte.1997.00440350031003; Beers MH, Ouslander JG, Rollingher I, Reuben DB, Brooks J, Beck JC. Explicit criteria for determining inappropriate medication use in nursing home residents. UCLA Division of Geriatric Medicine. Arch Intern Med. 1991 Sep;151(9):1825-32. DOI:10.1001/archinte.1991.00400090107019; Beijer HJ, de Blaey CJ. Hospitalisations caused by adverse drug reactions (ADR): a meta-analysis of observational studies. Pharm World Sci. 2002 Apr;24(2):46-54. DOI:10.1023/A:1015570104121; Ben-Chetrit E, Rothstein N, Munter G. Ciprofloxacin-induced psychosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Aug;57(8):4079. DOI:10.1128/AAC.00672-13; Bolhuis MS, Panday PN, Pranger AD, Kosterink JG, Alffenaar JW. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of antimicrobial drugs: a systematic review on oxazolidinones, rifamycines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and Beta-lactams. Pharmaceutics. 2011 Nov 18;3(4):865-913. DOI:10.3390/pharmaceutics3040865; Bolon M, Weber SG. General Principles of antimicrobial selection. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, Studenski S, High KP, Asthana A, editors. Hazzard's Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. 6th ed. New York, Chicago: Mc Craw Hill Medical; 2009. p. 1517-30.; Böhm K, Tesch-Römer C, Ziese T, editors. Gesundheit und Krankheit im Alter. Berlin: RKI; 2009. (Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes). Available from: https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Gesundheitsmonitoring/Gesundheitsberichterstattung/GBEDownloadsB/alter_gesundheit.html; Bruniera FR, Ferreira FM, Saviolli LR, Bacci MR, Feder D, da Luz Gonçalves Pedreira M, Sorgini Peterlini MA, Azzalis LA, Campos Junqueira VB, Fonseca FL. The use of vancomycin with its therapeutic and adverse effects: a review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015 Feb;19(4):694-700.; Clark DB, Andrus MR, Byrd DC. Drug interactions between linezolid and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: case report involving sertraline and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy. 2006 Feb;26(2):269-76. DOI:10.1592/phco.26.2.269; Clark NP, Delate T, Riggs CS, Witt DM, Hylek EM, Garcia DA, Ageno W, Dentali F, Crowther MA; Warfarin-Associated Research Projects and Other Endeavors Consortium. Warfarin interactions with antibiotics in the ambulatory care setting. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Mar;174(3):409-16. DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13957; Colantonio LD, Tanner RM, Warnock DG, Gutiérrez OM, Judd S, Muntner P, Bowling CB. The role of cystatin-C in the confirmation of reduced glomerular filtration rate among the oldest old. Arch Med Sci. 2016 Feb;12(1):55-67. DOI:10.5114/aoms.2016.57580; Dormann H, Sonst A, Müller F, Vogler R, Patapovas A, Pfistermeister B, Plank-Kiegele B, Kirchner M, Hartmann N, Bürkle T, Maas R. Adverse drug events in older patients admitted as an emergency: the role of potentially inappropriate medication in elderly people (PRISCUS). Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013 Mar;110(13):213-9. DOI:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0213; Etherton-Beer CD, Inglis T, Waterer G. Prevalence of oropharyngeal antibiotic-resistant flora among residents of aged care facilities: a pilot study. Respirology. 2015 Oct;20(7):1139-41. DOI:10.1111/resp.12545; Ewig S, Höffken G, Kern WV, Rohde G, Flick H, Krause R, Ott S, Bauer T, Dalhoff K, Gatermann S, Kolditz M, Krüger S, Lorenz J, Pletz M, de Roux A, Schaaf B, Schaberg T, Schütte H, Welte T. Behandlung von erwachsenen Patienten mit ambulant erworbener Pneumonie und Prävention - Update 2016 [Management of Adult Community-acquired Pneumonia and Prevention - Update 2016]. Pneumologie. 2016 Mar;70(3):151-200. DOI:10.1055/s-0042-101873; Ferraro S, Pasqualetti S, Carnevale A, Panteghini M. Cystatin C provides a better estimate of the effect of glomerular filtration rate on serum human epididymis protein 4 concentrations. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2016 Oct;54(10):1629-34. DOI:10.1515/cclm-2015-1272; Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, Waller JL, Maclean JR, Beers MH. Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Dec 8-22;163(22):2716-24. DOI:10.1001/archinte.163.22.2716; Frommeyer G, Fischer C, Lange PS, Leitz P, Fehr M, Bogossian H, Milberg P, Eckardt L. Divergent electrophysiologic profile of fluconazole and voriconazole in an experimental whole-heart model of proarrhythmia. Eur J Pharmacol. 2016 Apr;776:185-90. DOI:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.02.051; Girndt M, Trocchi P, Scheidt-Nave C, Markau S, Stang A. The Prevalence of Renal Failure. Results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults, 2008-2011 (DEGS1). Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016 Feb;113(6):85-91. DOI:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0085; Glaeske G, Trittin C, editors. Weichenstellung: Altern in unserer Gesellschaft. Neue Herausforderungen für das Gesundheitswesen. [Beiträge des 2. Medizinkongresses der Gmünder ErsatzKasse GEK und des Zentrums für Sozialpolitik der Universität Bremen 2007]. St.-Augustin: Asgard; 2008. (GEK-Edition Schriftenreihe zur Gesundheitsanalyse; 62). DOI:10.4126/FRL01-006401684; Glaeske G, Janhsen K. GEK Arzneimittelreport. Asgard: St Augustin; 2005. (Schriftenreihe zur Gesundheitsanalyse; 36). Available from: https://www.barmer.de/blob/38794/69caad9cdc56978154af12bdac7aa874/data/pdf-arzneimittel-report-2005.pdf; Gordon D, Young LR, Reddy S, Bergman C, Young JD. Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in patients receiving high-risk antibiotics with or without a proton pump inhibitor. J Hosp Infect. 2016 Feb;92(2):173-7. DOI:10.1016/j.jhin.2015.10.009; Hajjar ER, Cafiero AC, Hanlon JT. Polypharmacy in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2007 Dec;5(4):345-51. DOI:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2007.12.002; Hanke F, Szymanski J, Jaehde U, Thürmann PA. Drug-related problems in nursing homes - a prospective study [Abstract 8th Annual Congress of Clinical Pharmacology]. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;44(10):500.; Hepper HJ, Sieber C, Cornel S, Walger P, Peter W, Bahrmann P, Philipp B, Singler K, Katrin S. Infections in the elderly. Crit Care Clin. 2013 Jul;29(3):757-74. DOI:10.1016/j.ccc.2013.03.016; Holt S, Thürmann PA. Erstellung einer Liste potentiell inadäquater Medikation für ältere multimorbide Patienten. In: 7. Deutscher Kongress für Versorgungsforschung des Deutschen Netzwerks für Versorgungsforschung. Köln, 16.-18.10.2008. Düsseldorf: German Medical Science GMS Publishing House; 2008. DocP6.9. Available from: http://www.egms.de/de/meetings/dkvf2008/08dkvf182.shtml; Holt S, Schmiedl S, Thürmann PA. Potentially inappropriate medications in the elderly: the PRISCUS list. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010 Aug;107(31-32):543-51. DOI:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0543; Hortmann M, Singler K, Geier F, Christ M. Erkennen von Infektionen beim älteren Notfallpatienten [Recognition of infections in elderly emergency patients]. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2015 Oct;48(7):601-7. DOI:10.1007/s00391-015-0903-2; Kaufman DW, Kelly JP, Rosenberg L, Anderson TE, Mitchell AA. Recent patterns of medication use in the ambulatory adult population of the United States: the Slone survey. JAMA. 2002 Jan;287(3):337-44. DOI:10.1001/jama.287.3.337; Kelly JP, Kaufman DW, Kelley K, Rosenberg L, Anderson TE, Mitchell AA. Recent trends in use of herbal and other natural products. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Feb;165(3):281-6. DOI:10.1001/archinte.165.3.281; Kollef MH, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser VJ. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest. 1999 Feb;115(2):462-74. DOI:10.1378/chest.115.2.462; Lally L, Mannion L. The potential for antimicrobials to adversely affect mental state. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Jul 5;2013. pii: bcr2013009659. DOI:10.1136/bcr-2013-009659; Lane MA, Zeringue A, McDonald JR. Serious bleeding events due to warfarin and antibiotic co-prescription in a cohort of veterans. Am J Med. 2014 Jul;127(7):657-63.e2. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.01.044; Laroche ML, Charmes JP, Merle L. Potentially inappropriate medications in the elderly: a French consensus panel list. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Aug;63(8):725-31. DOI:10.1007/s00228-007-0324-2; Levy DG, Stergachis A, McFarland LV, Van Vorst K, Graham DJ, Johnson ES, Park BJ, Shatin D, Clouse JC, Elmer GW. Antibiotics and Clostridium difficile diarrhea in the ambulatory care setting. Clin Ther. 2000 Jan;22(1):91-102. DOI:10.1016/S0149-2918(00)87980-1; Lippi G, Favaloro EJ, Mattiuzzi C. Combined administration of antibiotics and direct oral anticoagulants: a renewed indication for laboratory monitoring? Semin Thromb Hemost. 2014 Oct;40(7):756-65. DOI:10.1055/s-0034-1381233; Lorenz RA, Vandenberg AM, Canepa EA. Serotonergic antidepressants and linezolid: a retrospective chart review and presentation of cases. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2008;38(1):81-90. DOI:10.2190/PM.38.1.h; Mattappalil A, Mergenhagen KA. Neurotoxicity with antimicrobials in the elderly: a review. Clin Ther. 2014 Nov;36(11):1489-511.e4. DOI:10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.09.020; Mayer KU, Baltes PB, editors. Die Berliner Altersstudie. Berlin: Akademie Verlag; 1996.; McLeod PJ, Huang AR, Tamblyn RM, Gayton DC. Defining inappropriate practices in prescribing for elderly people: a national consensus panel. CMAJ. 1997 Feb;156(3):385-91.; Min L, Galecki A, Mody L. Functional disability and nursing resource use are predictive of antimicrobial resistance in nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Apr;63(4):659-66. DOI:10.1111/jgs.13353; Mörike K, Schwab M, Klotz U. Use of aminoglycosides in elderly patients. Pharmacokinetic and clinical considerations. Drugs Aging. 1997 Apr;10(4):259-77. DOI:10.2165/00002512-199710040-00003; Nahin RL, Fitzpatrick AL, Williamson JD, Burke GL, Dekosky ST, Furberg C; GEM Study Investigators. Use of herbal medicine and other dietary supplements in community-dwelling older people: Baseline data from the ginkgo evaluation of memory study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 Nov;54(11):1725-35. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00942.x; Nash DB, Koenig JB, Chatterton ML. Why the elderly need individualized phermaceutical care. Philadelphia: Office of Health Policy and Clinical Outcomes / Thomas Jefferson University, April 2000. Available from: https://www.npcnow.org/system/files/research/download/Why-the-Elderly-Need-Individualized-Pharmaceutical-Care.pdf; Niedrig D, Maechler S, Hoppe L, Corti N, Kovari H, Russmann S. Drug safety of macrolide and quinolone antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital: administration of interacting co-medication and QT prolongation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2016 Jul;72(7):859-67. DOI:10.1007/s00228-016-2043-z; Niwa T, Morimoto M, Hirai T, Hata T, Hayashi M, Imagawa Y. Effect of penicillin-based antibiotics, amoxicillin, ampicillin, and piperacillin, on drug-metabolizing activities of human hepatic cytochromes P450. J Toxicol Sci. 2016 Feb;41(1):143-6. DOI:10.2131/jts.41.143; Nordheim J, Maaz A, Winter MHJ, Kuhlmey A, Hofmann W. Vielnutzung von Krankenversicherungsleistungen im Alter - eine Analyse von Krankenhaus- und Arzneimitteldaten. Z Evid Fortb Qual Gesundheitswesen. 2006;100(8):609-15.; Norman DC. Fever in the elderly. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Jul;31(1):148-51. DOI:10.1086/313896; Ostrowsky B, Ruiz R, Brown S, Chung P, Koppelman E, van Deusen Lukas C, Guo Y, Jalon H, Sumer Z, Araujo C, Sirtalan I, Brown C, Riska P, Currie B. Lessons learned from implementing Clostridium difficile-focused antibiotic stewardship interventions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014 Oct;35 Suppl 3:S86-95. DOI:10.1086/677828; Paffrath U, Schwabe D, editors. Arzneiverordnungsreport (AVR). Berlin: Springer Verlag; 2005.; Paparella M, Martina V, Rizzo MA, Gallieni M. What every doctor should know about drug safety in patients with chronic kidney disease. Contrib Nephrol. 2015;184:24-50. DOI:10.1159/000365821; Pirmohamed M, James S, Meakin S, Green C, Scott AK, Walley TJ, Farrar K, Park BK, Breckenridge AM. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. BMJ. 2004 Jul;329(7456):15-9. DOI:10.1136/bmj.329.7456.15; Rochon PA, Lane CJ, Bronskill SE, Sykora K, Anderson GM, Mamdani MM, Gurwitz JH, Dhalla IA. Potentially inappropriate prescribing in Canada relative to the US. Drugs Aging. 2004;21(14):939-47. DOI:10.2165/00002512-200421140-00004; Rossio R, Franchi C, Ardoino I, Djade CD, Tettamanti M, Pasina L, Salerno F, Marengoni A, Corrao S, Marcucci M, Peyvandi F, Biganzoli EM, Nobili A, Mannucci PM; REPOSI Investigators. Adherence to antibiotic treatment guidelines and outcomes in the hospitalized elderly with different types of pneumonia. Eur J Intern Med. 2015 Jun;26(5):330-7. DOI:10.1016/j.ejim.2015.04.002; Sakai Y, Naito T, Arima C, Miura M, Qin L, Hidaka H, Masunaga K, Kakuma T, Watanabe H. Potential drug interaction between warfarin and linezolid. Intern Med. 2015;54(5):459-64. DOI:10.2169/internalmedicine.54.3146; Serio RN. Acute delirium associated with combined diphenhydramine and linezolid use. Ann Pharmacother. 2004 Jan;38(1):62-5. DOI:10.1345/aph.1D018; Shields RK, Martello JL, Potoski BA. Is vancomycin ototoxicity a significant risk? Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Oct;53(10):4572; author reply 4572-3. DOI:10.1128/AAC.00537-09; Simonetti AF, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Carratalà J. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2014 Feb;2(1):3-16. DOI:10.1177/2049936113518041; Singler K, Heppner HJ. Besonderheiten des älteren Notfallpatienten. Notfall Rettungsmed. 2012;15(3):255-64. DOI:10.1007/s10049-012-1591-8; Stenqvist C, Madsen CM, Riis T, Jørgensen HL, Duus BR, Lauritzen JB, van der Mark S. Orthogeriatric Service Reduces Mortality in Patients With Hip Fracture. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. 2016 Jun;7(2):67-73. DOI:10.1177/2151458515625296; Sternbach H. The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1991 Jun;148(6):705-13. DOI:10.1176/ajp.148.6.705; Tesch-Römer C, Engstler H, Wurm S. Altwerden in Deutschland. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften; 2006. DOI:10.1007/978-3-531-90138-1; Tholakanahalli VN, Potti A, Hanley JF, Merliss AD. Fluconazole-induced torsade de pointes. Ann Pharmacother. 2001 Apr;35(4):432-4. DOI:10.1345/aph.10210; Thomas JA, Burns RA. Important drug-nutrient interactions in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 1998 Sep;13(3):199-209. DOI:10.2165/00002512-199813030-00003; Thürmann PA, Werner U, Hanke F, Schmiedl S, Drewelow B, Hippius M, et al. Arzneimittelrisiken bei hochbetagten Patienten: Ergebnisse deutscher Studien. In: 31 Interdisziplinäres Forum der Bundesärztekammer "Fortschritt und Fortbildung in der Medizin"; 2007 Jan 11-13; Berlin. Cologne: Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag; 2007. p. 216-24.; Veehof LJ, Stewart RE, Meyboom-de Jong B, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM. Adverse drug reactions and polypharmacy in the elderly in general practice. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Sep;55(7):533-6. DOI:10.1007/s002280050669; Wiggins J, Patel SR. Changes in Kidney Function. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, Studenski S, High KP, Asthana A, editors. Hazzard's Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. 6th ed. New York, Chicago: Mc Craw Hill Medical; 2009. p. 1009-15.; Zhan C, Sangl J, Bierman AS, Miller MR, Friedman B, Wickizer SW, Meyer GS. Potentially inappropriate medication use in the community-dwelling elderly: findings from the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. JAMA. 2001 Dec 12;286(22):2823-9. DOI:10.1001/jama.286.22.2823; http://dx.doi.org/10.3205/id000049; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-id0000497; http://www.egms.de/en/journals/id/2020-8/id000049.shtml
-
10Academic Journal
المؤلفون: Wirth R, Dziewas R, Beck AM, Clavé P, Hamdy S, Heppner HJ, Langmore S, Leischker AH, Martino R, Pluschinski P, Rösler A, Shaker R, Warnecke T, Sieber CC, Volkert D
المصدر: Clinical Interventions in Aging, Vol Volume 11, Pp 189-208 (2016)
مصطلحات موضوعية: aspiration, dehydration, dysphagia, geriatric, malnutrition, older., Geriatrics, RC952-954.6
وصف الملف: electronic resource
-
11Conference
المؤلفون: Nachtigall, A, Heppner, HJ, Lange, S, Thürmann, PA
المصدر: 23. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Arzneimittelanwendungsforschung und Arzneimittelepidemiologie; 20161124-20161125; Bochum; DOC16gaa04 /20161123/
مصطلحات موضوعية: ddc: 610
Relation: Boyd CM, Darer J, Boult C, Fried LP, Boult L, Wu AW. Clinical practice guidelines and quality of care for older patients with multiple comorbid diseases: implications for pay for performance. JAMA. 2005; 294(6):716-24.; Cooper JA, Cadogan CA, Patterson SM, Kerse N, Bradley MC, Ryan C, Hughes CM. Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy in older people: a Cochrane systematic review. BMJ Open. 2015;5(12):e009235. DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009235; Hanlon JT, Schmader KE, Samsa GP, Weinberger M, Uttech KM, Lewis IK, Cohen HJ, Feussner JR. A method for assessing drug therapy appropriateness. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;45(10):1045-51.; Holt S, Schmiedl S, Thürmann PA. Potentially inappropriate medications in the elderly: the PRISCUS list. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010;107(31-32):543-51. DOI:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0543. Epub 2010 Aug 9.; http://dx.doi.org/10.3205/16gaa04; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-16gaa046; http://www.egms.de/en/meetings/gaa2016/16gaa04.shtml
-
12Conference
المؤلفون: Heppner, HJ
المصدر: Bad Honnef-Symposium 2015; 20150330-20150331; Königswinter; DOC15bhs13 /20150320/
مصطلحات موضوعية: ddc: 610
Relation: http://dx.doi.org/10.3205/15bhs13; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-15bhs135; http://www.egms.de/en/meetings/bhs2015/15bhs13.shtml
-
13Conference
المؤلفون: Bohnet-Joschko, S, Bienstein, C, Zippel, C, Bönsch, R, Heppner, HJ, Sönnichsen, A
المصدر: 14. Deutscher Kongress für Versorgungsforschung; 20151007-20151009; Berlin; DOCP132 /20150922/
مصطلحات موضوعية: ddc: 610
Relation: Höffken G, Lorenz J, Kern W, et al. Epidemiologie, Diagnostik, antimikrobielle Therapie und Management von erwachsenen Patienten mit ambulant erworbenen unteren Atemwegsinfektionen sowie ambulant erworbener Pneumonie - Update 2009. Pneumologie. 2009;63(10):e1-68.; Kruse RL, Mehr DR, Boles KE, et al. Does hospitalization impact survival after lower respiratory infection in nursing home residents? Medical Care. 2004;42(9):860-70.; Loeb M, Carusone SC, Goeree R, et al. Effect of a clinical pathway to reduce hospitalizations in nursing home residents with pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;295(21):2503-10.; http://dx.doi.org/10.3205/15dkvf231; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-15dkvf2311; http://www.egms.de/en/meetings/dkvf2015/15dkvf231.shtml
-
14Academic Journal
المؤلفون: Baron, R, Binder, A, Biniek, R, Braune, S, Buerkle, H, Dall, P, Demirakca, S, Eckardt, R, Eggers, V, Eichler, I, Fietze, I, Freys, S, Fründ, A, Garten, L, Gohrbandt, B, Harth, I, Hartl, W, Heppner, HJ, Horter, J, Huth, R, Janssens, U, Jungk, C, Kaeuper, KM, Kessler, P, Kleinschmidt, S, Kochanek, M, Kumpf, M, Meiser, A, Mueller, A, Orth, M, Putensen, C, Roth, B, Schaefer, M, Schaefers, R, Schellongowski, P, Schindler, M, Schmitt, R, Scholz, J, Schroeder, S, Schwarzmann, G, Spies, C, Stingele, R, Tonner, P, Trieschmann, U, Tryba, M, Wappler, F, Waydhas, C, Weiss, B, Weisshaar, G, DAS-Taskforce 2015
المصدر: GMS German Medical Science; VOL: 13; DOC19 /20151112/
مصطلحات موضوعية: guideline, evidence, analgesia, sedation, delirium, anxiety, stress, sleep, monitoring, treatment, intensive care, critical care, Germany, Leitlinie, Analgesie, Sedierung, Delir, Angst, Schlaf, Therapie, Intensivmedizin, ddc: 610
Relation: Ahmed S, Leurent B, Sampson EL. Risk factors for incident delirium among older people in acute hospital medical units: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2014 May;43(3):326-33. DOI:10.1093/ageing/afu022; Aizawa K, Kanai T, Saikawa Y, Takabayashi T, Kawano Y, Miyazawa N, Yamamoto T. A novel approach to the prevention of postoperative delirium in the elderly after gastrointestinal surgery. Surg Today. 2002;32(4):310-4. DOI:10.1007/s005950200044; Al-Qadheeb NS, Balk EM, Fraser GL, Skrobik Y, Riker RR, Kress JP, Whitehead S, Devlin JW. Randomized ICU trials do not demonstrate an association between interventions that reduce delirium duration and short-term mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2014 Jun;42(6):1442-54. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000224; Albani A, Addamo P, Renghi A, Voltolin G, Peano L, Ivani G. Influenza sulla frequenza di allattamento al seno delle tecniche di anestesia regionale nel parto cesareo e nel parto per via vaginale [The effect on breastfeeding rate of regional anesthesia technique for cesarean and vaginal childbirth]. Minerva Anestesiol. 1999 Sep;65(9):625-30.; Arabi Y, Haddad S, Hawes R, Moore T, Pillay M, Naidu B, Issa A, Yeni B, Grant C, Alshimemeri A. Changing sedation practices in the intensive care unit--protocol implementation, multifaceted multidisciplinary approach and teamwork. Middle East J Anaesthesiol. 2007 Jun;19(2):429-47.; Arbour R. Continuous nervous system monitoring, EEG, the bispectral index, and neuromuscular transmission. AACN Clin Issues. 2003 May;14(2):185-207. DOI:10.1097/00044067-200305000-00009; Arias-Rivera S, Sánchez-Sánchez Mdel M, Santos-Díaz R, Gallardo-Murillo J, Sánchez-Izquierdo R, Frutos-Vivar F, Ferguson ND, Esteban A. Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on weaning outcome. Crit Care Med. 2008 Jul;36(7):2054-60. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817bfd60; Asmussen S, Maybauer DM, Fraser JF, Jennings K, George S, Maybauer MO. A meta-analysis of analgesic and sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in burn patients. Burns. 2013 Jun;39(4):625-31. DOI:10.1016/j.burns.2013.01.008; Awissi DK, Bégin C, Moisan J, Lachaine J, Skrobik Y. I-SAVE study: impact of sedation, analgesia, and delirium protocols evaluated in the intensive care unit: an economic evaluation. Ann Pharmacother. 2012 Jan;46(1):21-8. DOI:10.1345/aph.1Q284; Bagley SM, Wachman EM, Holland E, Brogly SB. Review of the assessment and management of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2014;9(1):19. DOI:10.1186/1940-0640-9-19; Bainbridge D, Martin JE, Cheng DC. Patient-controlled versus nurse-controlled analgesia after cardiac surgery--a meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2006 May;53(5):492-9. DOI:10.1007/BF03022623; Balas MC, Happ MB, Yang W, Chelluri L, Richmond T. Outcomes Associated With Delirium in Older Patients in Surgical ICUs. Chest. 2009 Jan;135(1):18-25. DOI:10.1378/chest.08-1456; Balas MC, Deutschman CS, Sullivan-Marx EM, Strumpf NE, Alston RP, Richmond TS. Delirium in older patients in surgical intensive care units. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2007;39(2):147-54. DOI:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2007.00160.x; Ballantyne JC, Carr DB, deFerranti S, Suarez T, Lau J, Chalmers TC, Angelillo IF, Mosteller F. The comparative effects of postoperative analgesic therapies on pulmonary outcome: cumulative meta-analyses of randomized, controlled trials. Anesth Analg. 1998 Mar;86(3):598-612.; Balzer F, Weiß B, Kumpf O, Treskatsch S, Spies C, Wernecke KD, Krannich A, Kastrup M. Early deep sedation is associated with decreased in-hospital and two-year follow-up survival. Crit Care. 2015;19:197. DOI:10.1186/s13054-015-0929-2; Bar-Oz B, Bulkowstein M, Benyamini L, Greenberg R, Soriano I, Zimmerman D, Bortnik O, Berkovitch M. Use of antibiotic and analgesic drugs during lactation. Drug Saf. 2003;26(13):925-35. DOI:10.2165/00002018-200326130-00002; Barr J, Zomorodi K, Bertaccini EJ, Shafer SL, Geller E. A double-blind, randomized comparison of i.v. lorazepam versus midazolam for sedation of ICU patients via a pharmacologic model. Anesthesiology. 2001 Aug;95(2):286-98. DOI:10.1097/00000542-200108000-00007; Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K, Ely EW, Gélinas C, Dasta JF, Davidson JE, Devlin JW, Kress JP, Joffe AM, Coursin DB, Herr DL, Tung A, Robinson BR, Fontaine DK, Ramsay MA, Riker RR, Sessler CN, Pun B, Skrobik Y, Jaeschke R; American College of Critical Care Medicine. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2013 Jan;41(1):263-306. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182783b72; Barry WS, Meinzinger MM, Howse CR. Ibuprofen overdose and exposure in utero: results from a postmarketing voluntary reporting system. Am J Med. 1984 Jul 13;77(1A):35-9. DOI:10.1016/S0002-9343(84)80016-9; Basler HD, Huger D, Kunz R, Luckmann J, Lukas A, Nikolaus T, Schuler MS. Beurteilung von Schmerz bei Demenz (BESD). Untersuchung zur Validitaet eines Verfahrens zur Beobachtung des Schmerzverhaltens [Assessment of pain in advanced dementia. Construct validity of the German PAINAD]. Schmerz. 2006 Nov;20(6):519-26. DOI:10.1007/s00482-006-0490-7; Bauer C, Kreuer S, Ketter R, Grundmann U, Wilhelm W.Remifentanil-Propofol- versus Fentanyl-Midazolam-Kombination bei intrakraniellen Eingriffen: Einfluss von Anästhesietechnik und Intensivanalgosedierung auf Beatmungszeiten und Dauer des Intensivaufenthalts [Remifentanil-propofol versus fentanyl-midazolam combinations for intracranial surgery: influence of anaesthesia technique and intensive sedation on ventilation times and duration of stay in the ICU]. Anaesthesist. 2007 Feb;56(2):128-32. DOI:10.1007/s00101-006-1130-4; Bayat A, Ramaiah R, Bhananker SM. Analgesia and sedation for children undergoing burn wound care. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010 Nov;10(11):1747-59. DOI:10.1586/ern.10.158; Bedi A, Murray JM, Dingley J, Stevenson MA, Fee JP. Use of xenon as a sedative for patients receiving critical care. Crit Care Med. 2003 Oct;31(10):2470-7. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000089934.66049.76; Bein T. Lagerungstherapie zur Prophylaxe oder therapie von pulmonalen Funktionsstörungen. S2e-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin (DGAI). Anästh Intensivmed. 2008;49(Suppl 1):S1-24.; Bell RF, Dahl JB, Moore RA, Kalso E. Perioperative ketamine for acute postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jan 25;(1):CD004603. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;7:CD004603. DOI:10.1002/14651858.cd004603.pub2; Bellù R, de Waal KA, Zanini R. Opioids for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD004212. DOI:10.1002/14651858.cd004212.pub3; Block BM, Liu SS, Rowlingson AJ, Cowan AR, Cowan JA Jr, Wu CL. Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2003 Nov;290(18):2455-63. DOI:10.1001/jama.290.18.2455; Bourgoin A, Albanèse J, Wereszczynski N, Charbit M, Vialet R, Martin C. Safety of sedation with ketamine in severe head injury patients: comparison with sufentanil. Crit Care Med. 2003 Mar;31(3):711-7. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000044505.24727.16; Brattebo G, Hofoss D, Flaatten H, Muri AK, Gjerde S, Plsek PE. Effect of a scoring system and protocol for sedation on duration of patients' need for ventilator support in a surgical intensive care unit. BMJ. 2002 Jun;324(7350):1386-9. DOI:10.1136/bmj.324.7350.1386; Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, McConnell Hammond FF, Harris OA, Hartl R, Manley GT, Nemecek A, Newell DW, Rosenthal G, Schouten J, Shutter L, Timmons SD, Ullman JS, Videtta W, Wilberger JE, Wright DW. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. XV. Steroids. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24 Suppl 1:S91-5. DOI:10.1089/neu.2007.9981; Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, McConnell Hammond FF, Harris OA, Hartl R, Manley GT, Nemecek A, Newell DW, Rosenthal G, Schouten J, Shutter L, Timmons SD, Ullman JS, Videtta W, Wilberger JE, Wright DW. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. XI. Anesthetics, analgesics, and sedatives. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24 Suppl 1:S71-6. DOI:10.1089/neu.2007.9985; Breau LM, McGrath PJ, Stevens B, Beyene J, Camfield C, Finley GA, Franck L, Gibbins S, Howlett A, McKeever P, O'Brien K, Ohlsson A. Judgments of pain in the neonatal intensive care setting: a survey of direct care staffs' perceptions of pain in infants at risk for neurological impairment. Clin J Pain. 2006 Feb;22(2):122-9.; Breau LM, McGrath PJ, Camfield CS, Finley GA. Psychometric properties of the non-communicating children's pain checklist-revised. Pain. 2002 Sep;99(1-2):349-57. DOI:10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00179-3; Briggs GG. Medication use during the perinatal period. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1998 Nov-Dec;38(6):717-26; quiz 726-7.; Brodner G, Mertes N, Buerkle H, Marcus MA, Van Aken H. Acute pain management: analysis, implications and consequences after prospective experience with 6349 surgical patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2000 Sep;17(9):566-75. DOI:10.1097/00003643-200009000-00005; Brook AD, Ahrens TS, Schaiff R, Prentice D, Sherman G, Shannon W, Kollef MH. Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 1999 Dec;27(12):2609-15. DOI:10.1097/00003246-199912000-00001; Brown RL, Henke A, Greenhalgh DG, Warden GD. The use of haloperidol in the agitated, critically ill pediatric patient with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1996 Jan-Feb;17(1):34-8. DOI:10.1097/00004630-199601000-00009; Bruder EA, Ball IM, Ridi S, Pickett W, Hohl C. Single induction dose of etomidate versus other induction agents for endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 8;1:CD010225. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD010225.pub2; Brull R, McCartney CJ, Chan VW, El-Beheiry H. Neurological complications after regional anesthesia: contemporary estimates of risk. Anesth Analg. 2007 Apr;104(4):965-74. DOI:10.1213/01.ane.0000258740.17193.ec; Brusseau R, McCann ME. Anaesthesia for urgent and emergency surgery. Early Hum Dev. 2010 Nov;86(11):703-14. DOI:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.08.008; Bucknall TK, Manias E, Presneill JJ. A randomized trial of protocol-directed sedation management for mechanical ventilation in an Australian intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2008 May;36(5):1444-50. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318168f82d; Bundesärztekammer. Grundsätze zur ärztlichen Sterbebegleitung. Deutsches Ärzteblatt. 1998;95(39):A-2366-67. Available from: http://www.aerzteblatt.de/pdf.asp?id=13330; Burns SM, Earven S, Fisher C, Lewis R, Merrell P, Schubart JR, Truwit JD, Bleck TP; University of Virginia Long Term Mechanical Ventilation Team. Implementation of an institutional program to improve clinical and financial outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients: one-year outcomes and lessons learned. Crit Care Med. 2003 Dec;31(12):2752-63. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000094217.07170.75; Burry L, Rose L, McCullagh IJ, Fergusson DA, Ferguson ND, Mehta S. Daily sedation interruption versus no daily sedation interruption for critically ill adult patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jul 9;7:CD009176. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD009176.pub2; But AK, Erdil F, Yucel A, Gedik E, Durmus M, Ersoy MO. The effects of single-dose tramadol on post-operative pain and morphine requirements after coronary artery bypass surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2007 May;51(5):601-6. DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01275.x; Buttner W, Finke W, Hilleke M, Reckert S, Vsianska L, Brambrink A. Entwicklung eines Fremdbeobachtungsbogens zur Beurteilung des postoperativen Schmerzes bei Saeuglingen [Development of an observational scale for assessment of postoperative pain in infants]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 1998 Jun;33(6):353-61. DOI:10.1055/s-2007-994263; Buttner W, Finke W. Analysis of behavioural and physiological parameters for the assessment of postoperative analgesic demand in newborns, infants and young children: a comprehensive report on seven consecutive studies. Paediatr Anaesth. 2000;10(3):303-18. DOI:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2000.00530.x; Carlet J, Thijs LG, Antonelli M, Cassell J, Cox P, Hill N, Hinds C, Pimentel JM, Reinhart K, Thompson BT. Challenges in end-of-life care in the ICU. Statement of the 5th International Consensus Conference in Critical Care: Brussels, Belgium, April 2003. Intensive Care Med. 2004 May;30(5):770-84. DOI:10.1007/s00134-004-2241-5; Carrer S, Bocchi A, Candini M, Donegà L, Tartari S. Short term analgesia based sedation in the Intensive Care Unit: morphine vs remifentanil + morphine. Minerva Anestesiol. 2007 Jun;73(6):327-32.; Casey E, Lane A, Kuriakose D, McGeary S, Hayes N, Phelan D, Buggy D. Bolus remifentanil for chest drain removal in ICU: a randomized double-blind comparison of three modes of analgesia in post-cardiac surgical patients. Intensive Care Med. 2010 Aug;36(8):1380-5. DOI:10.1007/s00134-010-1836-2; Chanques G, Jaber S, Barbotte E, Violet S, Sebbane M, Perrigault PF, Mann C, Lefrant JY, Eledjam JJ. Impact of systematic evaluation of pain and agitation in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2006 Jun;34(6):1691-9. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000218416.62457.56; Chew ML, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG. Serum anticholinergic activity and cognition in patients with moderate-to-severe dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;13(6):535-8. DOI:10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.6.535; Chlan LL, Weinert CR, Heiderscheit A, Tracy MF, Skaar DJ, Guttormson JL, Savik K. Effects of patient-directed music intervention on anxiety and sedative exposure in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013 Jun;309(22):2335-44. DOI:10.1001/jama.2013.5670; Cignacco E, Hamers JP, Stoffel L, van Lingen RA, Gessler P, McDougall J, Nelle M. The efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions in the management of procedural pain in preterm and term neonates. A systematic literature review. Eur J Pain. 2007 Feb;11(2):139-52. DOI:10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.02.010; Citerio G, Cormio M. Sedation in neurointensive care: advances in understanding and practice. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2003 Apr;9(2):120-6. DOI:10.1097/00075198-200304000-00007; Cohen J, Royston D. Remifentanil. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2001 Aug;7(4):227-31. DOI:10.1097/00075198-200108000-00003; Cohen L, Athaide V, Wickham ME, Doyle-Waters MM, Rose NG, Hohl CM. The effect of ketamine on intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressure and health outcomes: a systematic review. Ann Emerg Med. 2015 Jan;65(1):43-51.e2. DOI:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.06.018; Colombo R, Corona A, Praga F, Minari C, Giannotti C, Castelli A, Raimondi F. A reorientation strategy for reducing delirium in the critically ill. Results of an interventional study. Minerva Anestesiol. 2012 Sep;78(9):1026-33.; Colwell C, Clark L, Perkins R. Postoperative use of pediatric pain scales: children's self-report versus nurse assessment of pain intensity and affect. J Pediatr Nurs. 1996 Dec;11(6):375-82. DOI:10.1016/S0882-5963(96)80082-0; Cotton BA, Guillamondegui OD, Fleming SB, Carpenter RO, Patel SH, Morris JA Jr, Arbogast PG. Increased risk of adrenal insufficiency following etomidate exposure in critically injured patients. Arch Surg. 2008 Jan;143(1):62-7; discussion 67. DOI:10.1001/archsurg.143.1.62; Cuignet O, Pirson J, Soudon O, Zizi M. Effects of gabapentin on morphine consumption and pain in severely burned patients. Burns. 2007 Feb;33(1):81-6. DOI:10.1016/j.burns.2006.04.020; Dale CR, Bryson CL, Fan VS, Maynard C, Yanez ND 3rd, Treggiari MM. A greater analgesia, sedation, delirium order set quality score is associated with a decreased duration of mechanical ventilation in cardiovascular surgery patients. Crit Care Med. 2013 Nov;41(11):2610-7. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31829a6ee7; Davidson AJ. Anesthesia and neurotoxicity to the developing brain: the clinical relevance. Paediatr Anaesth. 2011 Jul;21(7):716-21. DOI:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2010.03506.x; Deindl P, Unterasinger L, Kappler G, Werther T, Czaba C, Giordano V, Frantal S, Berger A, Pollak A, Olischar M. Successful implementation of a neonatal pain and sedation protocol at 2 NICUs. Pediatrics. 2013 Jul;132(1):e211-8. DOI:10.1542/peds.2012-2346; Del Sorbo L, Pisani L, Filippini C, Fanelli V, Fasano L, Terragni P, Dell'Amore A, Urbino R, Mascia L, Evangelista A, Antro C, D'Amato R, Sucre MJ, Simonetti U, Persico P, Nava S, Ranieri VM. Extracorporeal Co2 removal in hypercapnic patients at risk of noninvasive ventilation failure: a matched cohort study with historical control. Crit Care Med. 2015 Jan;43(1):120-7. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000607; Desai C, Wood FM, Schug SA, Parsons RW, Fridlender C, Sunderland VB. Effectiveness of a topical local anaesthetic spray as analgesia for dressing changes: a double-blinded randomised pilot trial comparing an emulsion with an aqueous lidocaine formulation. Burns. 2014 Feb;40(1):106-12. DOI:10.1016/j.burns.2013.05.013; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin. Leitlinie zu Grenzen der intensivmedizinischen Behandlungspflicht. Anästh Intensivmed. 1999;40:92-4.; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma/Schwerverletzten-Behandlung. AWMF; 2011. AWMF-Register Nr.012/019. Available from: http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/012-019.html; Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Schmerztherapie. S3-Leitlinie zur Behandlung akuter perioperativer und posttraumatischer Schmerzen. Stand: 21.05.2007 inkl. Änderungen vom 20. 04. 2009 [Internet]. AWMF; 2009. Available from: http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/001-025.html; Dieye E, Minville V, Asehnoune K, Conil C, Georges B, Cougot P, Fourcade O, Conil JM. Pharmacodynamics of cisatracurium in the intensive care unit: an observational study. Ann Intensive Care. 2014;4(1):3. DOI:10.1186/2110-5820-4-3; DuBose JJ, Inaba K, Shiflett A, Trankiem C, Teixeira PG, Salim A, Rhee P, Demetriades D, Belzberg H. Measurable outcomes of quality improvement in the trauma intensive care unit: the impact of a daily quality rounding checklist. J Trauma. 2008 Jan;64(1):22-7; discussion 27-9. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e318161b0c8; Dunn MJ, Gwinnutt CL, Gray AJ. Critical care in the emergency department: patient transfer. Emerg Med J. 2007 Jan;24(1):40-4. DOI:10.1136/emj.2006.042044; de Wildt SN, de Hoog M, Vinks AA, Joosten KF, van Dijk M, van den Anker JN. Pharmacodynamics of midazolam in pediatric intensive care patients. Ther Drug Monit. 2005 Feb;27(1):98-102. DOI:10.1097/00007691-200502000-00018; Edrich T, Friedrich AD, Eltzschig HK, Felbinger TW. Ketamine for long-term sedation and analgesia of a burn patient. Anesth Analg. 2004 Sep;99(3):893-5, table of contents. DOI:10.1213/01.ANE.0000133002.42742.92; Eisenberg HM, Frankowski RF, Contant CF, Marshall LF, Walker MD. High-dose barbiturate control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 1988 Jul;69(1):15-23. DOI:10.3171/jns.1988.69.1.0015; Ely EW, Girard TD, Shintani AK, Jackson JC, Gordon SM, Thomason JW, Pun BT, Canonico AE, Light RW, Pandharipande P, Laskowitz DT. Apolipoprotein E4 polymorphism as a genetic predisposition to delirium in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2007 Jan;35(1):112-7. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000251925.18961.CA; Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A, Thomason JW, Wheeler AP, Gordon S, Francis J, Speroff T, Gautam S, Margolin R, Sessler CN, Dittus RS, Bernard GR. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA. 2003 Jun;289(22):2983-91. DOI:10.1001/jama.289.22.2983; Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, Speroff T, Gordon SM, Harrell FE Jr, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Dittus RS. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2004 Apr;291(14):1753-62. DOI:10.1001/jama.291.14.1753; Ely EW, Baker AM, Dunagan DP, Burke HL, Smith AC, Kelly PT, Johnson MM, Browder RW, Bowton DL, Haponik EF. Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N Engl J Med. 1996 Dec;335(25):1864-9. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199612193352502; Fagin A, Palmieri T, Greenhalgh D, Sen S. A comparison of dexmedetomidine and midazolam for sedation in severe pediatric burn injury. J Burn Care Res. 2012 Nov-Dec;33(6):759-63. DOI:10.1097/BCR.0b013e318254d48e; Farrington EA, McGuinness GA, Johnson GF, Erenberg A, Leff RD. Continuous intravenous morphine infusion in postoperative newborn infants. Am J Perinatol. 1993 Jan;10(1):84-7. DOI:10.1055/s-2007-994711; Field T, Peck M, Krugman S, Tuchel T, Schanberg S, Kuhn C, Burman I. Burn injuries benefit from massage therapy. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1998 May-Jun;19(3):241-4. DOI:10.1097/00004630-199805000-00010; Franck LS, Harris SK, Soetenga DJ, Amling JK, Curley MA. The Withdrawal Assessment Tool-1 (WAT-1): an assessment instrument for monitoring opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms in pediatric patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2008 Nov;9(6):573-80. DOI:10.1097/PCC.0b013e31818c8328; Fraser GL, Devlin JW, Worby CP, Alhazzani W, Barr J, Dasta JF, Kress JP, Davidson JE, Spencer FA. Benzodiazepine versus nonbenzodiazepine-based sedation for mechanically ventilated, critically ill adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med. 2013 Sep;41(9 Suppl 1):S30-8. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182a16898; Frenay MC, Faymonville ME, Devlieger S, Albert A, Vanderkelen A. Psychological approaches during dressing changes of burned patients: a prospective randomised study comparing hypnosis against stress reducing strategy. Burns. 2001 Dec;27(8):793-9. DOI:10.1016/S0305-4179(01)00035-3; Friedman JI, Soleimani L, McGonigle DP, Egol C, Silverstein JH. Pharmacological treatments of non-substance-withdrawal delirium: a systematic review of prospective trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Feb;171(2):151-9. DOI:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13040458; Friesner SA, Curry DM, Moddeman GR. Comparison of two pain-management strategies during chest tube removal: relaxation exercise with opioids and opioids alone. Heart Lung. 2006 Jul-Aug;35(4):269-76. DOI:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2005.10.005; Fuehner T, Kuehn C, Hadem J, Wiesner O, Gottlieb J, Tudorache I, Olsson KM, Greer M, Sommer W, Welte T, Haverich A, Hoeper MM, Warnecke G. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in awake patients as bridge to lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Apr;185(7):763-8. DOI:10.1164/rccm.201109-1599OC; Gabor JY, Cooper AB, Crombach SA, Lee B, Kadikar N, Bettger HE, Hanly PJ. Contribution of the intensive care unit environment to sleep disruption in mechanically ventilated patients and healthy subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Mar;167(5):708-15. DOI:10.1164/rccm.2201090; Gaiser R. Neonatal effects of labor analgesia. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2002;40(4):49-65. DOI:10.1097/00004311-200210000-00006; Gamberini M, Bolliger D, Lurati Buse GA, Burkhart CS, Grapow M, Gagneux A, Filipovic M, Seeberger MD, Pargger H, Siegemund M, Carrel T, Seiler WO, Berres M, Strebel SP, Monsch AU, Steiner LA. Rivastigmine for the prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery--a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2009 May;37(5):1762-8. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819da780; Giordano V, Deindl P, Kuttner S, Waldhör T, Berger A, Olischar M. The Neonatal Pain, Agitation and Sedation Scale reliably detected oversedation but failed to differentiate between other sedation levels. Acta Paediatr. 2014 Dec;103(12):e515-21. DOI:10.1111/apa.12770; Girard F, Moumdjian R, Boudreault D, Chouinard P, Bouthilier A, Sauvageau E, Ruel M, Girard DC. The effect of propofol sedation on the intracranial pressure of patients with an intracranial space-occupying lesion. Anesth Analg. 2004 Aug;99(2):573-7, table of contents. DOI:10.1213/01.ANE.0000133138.86133.38; Girard TD, Ely EW. Protocol-driven ventilator weaning: reviewing the evidence. Clin Chest Med. 2008 Jun;29(2):241-52, v. DOI:10.1016/j.ccm.2008.02.004; Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, Thomason JW, Schweickert WD, Pun BT, Taichman DB, Dunn JG, Pohlman AS, Kinniry PA, Jackson JC, Canonico AE, Light RW, Shintani AK, Thompson JL, Gordon SM, Hall JB, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008 Jan 12;371(9607):126-34. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60105-1; Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Carson SS, Schmidt GA, Wright PE, Canonico AE, Pun BT, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Meltzer HY, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW. MIND Trial Investigators. Feasibility, efficacy, and safety of antipsychotics for intensive care unit delirium: the MIND randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2010 Feb;38(2):428-37. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c58715; Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Ely EW. Delirium in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2008;12 Suppl 3:S3. DOI:10.1186/cc6149; Girard TD, Jackson JC, Pandharipande PP, Pun BT, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Gordon SM, Canonico AE, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2010 Jul;38(7):1513-20. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e47be1; Gogarten W, Van Aken H, Büttner J, Riess H, Wulf H, Bürkle H. Rückenmarksnahe Regionalanästhesien und Thromboembolieprophylaxe/antithrombotische Medikation. Anästh Intensivmed. 2007;48 Suppl. 4:109-24.; Gogarten W, Buerkle H, Van Aken H. The quality of epidural anesthesia is crucial in the assessment of perioperative outcome. Anesth Analg. 2003 Jul;97(1):298.; Gupta K, Gupta VK, Jayashree M, Muralindharan J, Singhi S. Randomized controlled trial of interrupted versus continuous sedative infusions in ventilated children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2012 Mar;13(2):131-5. DOI:10.1097/PCC.0b013e31820aba48; Gupta P, Whiteside W, Sabati A, Tesoro TM, Gossett JM, Tobias JD, Roth SJ. Safety and efficacy of prolonged dexmedetomidine use in critically ill children with heart disease*. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2012 Nov;13(6):660-6. DOI:10.1097/PCC.0b013e318253c7f1; Halpern SH, Levine T, Wilson DB, MacDonell J, Katsiris SE, Leighton BL. Effect of labor analgesia on breastfeeding success. Birth. 1999 Jun;26(2):83-8. DOI:10.1046/j.1523-536x.1999.00083.x; Hanafy MA. Clinical evaluation of inhalational sedation following coronary artery bypass grafting. Egypt J Anaesth. 2005;21:237-42.; Harrison AM, Lugo RA, Lee WE, Appachi E, Bourdakos D, Davis SJ, McHugh MJ, Weise KL. The use of haloperidol in agitated critically ill children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2002 Jan-Feb;41(1):51-4. DOI:10.1177/000992280204100111; Hartman ME, McCrory DC, Schulman SR. Efficacy of sedation regimens to facilitate mechanical ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit: a systematic review. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2009 Mar;10(2):246-55. DOI:10.1097/PCC.0b013e31819a3bb9; Hatta K, Kishi Y, Wada K, Takeuchi T, Odawara T, Usui C, Nakamura H. DELIRIA-J Group. Preventive effects of ramelteon on delirium: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014 Apr;71(4):397-403. DOI:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3320; Heegaard W, Fringer RC, Frascone RJ, Pippert G, Miner J. Bispectral index monitoring in helicopter emergency medical services patients. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009 Apr-Jun;13(2):193-7. DOI:10.1080/10903120802706187; Hernandez-Reif M, Field T, Largie S, Hart S, Redzepi M, Nierenberg B, Peck TM. Childrens' distress during burn treatment is reduced by massage therapy. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2001 Mar-Apr;22(2):191-5.; Hernández-Gancedo C, Pestaña D, Peña N, Royo C, Pérez-Chrzanowska H, Criado A. Monitoring sedation in critically ill patients: bispectral index, Ramsay and observer scales. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2006 Aug;23(8):649-53. DOI:10.1017/s0265021506000056; Herr KA, Mobily PR, Kohout FJ, Wagenaar D. Evaluation of the Faces Pain Scale for use with the elderly. Clin J Pain. 1998 Mar;14(1):29-38. DOI:10.1097/00002508-199803000-00005; Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001 Aug;93(2):173-83. DOI:10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1; Hildreth AN, Mejia VA, Maxwell RA, Smith PW, Dart BW, Barker DE. Adrenal suppression following a single dose of etomidate for rapid sequence induction: a prospective randomized study. J Trauma. 2008 Sep;65(3):573-9. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e31818255e8; Hillman BA, Tabrizi MN, Gauda EB, Carson KA, Aucott SW. The Neonatal Pain, Agitation and Sedation Scale and the bedside nurse's assessment of neonates. J Perinatol. 2015 Feb;35(2):128-31. DOI:10.1038/jp.2014.154; Ho KM, Ng JY. The use of propofol for medium and long-term sedation in critically ill adult patients: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2008 Nov;34(11):1969-79. DOI:10.1007/s00134-008-1186-5; Hogarth DK, Hall J. Management of sedation in mechanically ventilated patients. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2004 Feb;10(1):40-6. DOI:10.1097/00075198-200402000-00007; Hudcova J, McNicol E, Quah C, Lau J, Carr DB. Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus conventional opioid analgesia for postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD003348. DOI:10.1002/14651858.cd003348.pub2; Hummel P, van Dijk M. Pain assessment: current status and challenges. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006 Aug;11(4):237-45. DOI:10.1016/j.siny.2006.02.004; Hummel P, Puchalski M, Creech SD, Weiss MG. Clinical reliability and validity of the N-PASS: neonatal pain, agitation and sedation scale with prolonged pain. J Perinatol. 2008 Jan;28(1):55-60. DOI:10.1038/sj.jp.7211861; Humphries Y, Melson M, Gore D. Superiority of oral ketamine as an analgesic and sedative for wound care procedures in the pediatric patient with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1997 Jan-Feb;18(1 Pt 1):34-6. DOI:10.1097/00004630-199701000-00006; Hunt A, Goldman A, Seers K, Crichton N, Mastroyannopoulou K, Moffat V, Oulton K, Brady M. Clinical validation of the paediatric pain profile. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004 Jan;46(1):9-18. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00428.x; Hünseler C, Balling G, Röhlig C, Blickheuser R, Trieschmann U, Lieser U, Dohna-Schwake C, Gebauer C, Möller O, Hering F, Hoehn T, Schubert S, Hentschel R, Huth RG, Müller A, Müller C, Wassmer G, Hahn M, Harnischmacher U, Behr J, Roth B. Clonidine Study Group. Continuous infusion of clonidine in ventilated newborns and infants: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2014 Jul;15(6):511-22. DOI:10.1097/PCC.0000000000000151; Ilkjaer S, Petersen KL, Brennum J, Wernberg M, Dahl JB. Effect of systemic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (ketamine) on primary and secondary hyperalgesia in humans. Br J Anaesth. 1996 Jun;76(6):829-34. DOI:10.1093/bja/76.6.829; Inouye SK, Bogardus ST Jr, Charpentier PA, Leo-Summers L, Acampora D, Holford TR, Cooney LM Jr. A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N Engl J Med. 1999 Mar;340(9):669-76. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199903043400901; Inouye SK. A practical program for preventing delirium in hospitalized elderly patients. Cleve Clin J Med. 2004 Nov;71(11):890-6. DOI:10.3949/ccjm.71.11.890; Ista E, van Dijk M, Tibboel D, de Hoog M. Assessment of sedation levels in pediatric intensive care patients can be improved by using the COMFORT "behavior" scale. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2005 Jan;6(1):58-63. DOI:10.1097/01.PCC.0000149318.40279.1A; Ista E, van Dijk M, de Hoog M, Tibboel D, Duivenvoorden HJ. Construction of the Sophia Observation withdrawal Symptoms-scale (SOS) for critically ill children. Intensive Care Med. 2009 Jun;35(6):1075-81. DOI:10.1007/s00134-009-1487-3; Istaphanous GK, Ward CG, Loepke AW. The impact of the perioperative period on neurocognitive development, with a focus on pharmacological concerns. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2010 Sep;24(3):433-49. DOI:10.1016/j.bpa.2010.02.013; Jakob SM, Ruokonen E, Grounds RM, Sarapohja T, Garratt C, Pocock SJ, Bratty JR, Takala J. Dexmedetomidine for Long-Term Sedation Investigators. Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam or propofol for sedation during prolonged mechanical ventilation: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2012 Mar;307(11):1151-60. DOI:10.1001/jama.2012.304; Janssen NJ, Tan EY, Staal M, Janssen EP, Leroy PL, Lousberg R, van Os J, Schieveld JN. On the utility of diagnostic instruments for pediatric delirium in critical illness: an evaluation of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale, the Delirium Rating Scale 88, and the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised R-98. Intensive Care Med. 2011 Aug;37(8):1331-7. DOI:10.1007/s00134-011-2244-y; Johansson M, Kokinsky E. The COMFORT behavioural scale and the modified FLACC scale in paediatric intensive care. Nurs Crit Care. 2009 May-Jun;14(3):122-30. DOI:10.1111/j.1478-5153.2009.00323.x; Jorgensen H, Wetterslev J, Møiniche S, Dahl JB. Epidural local anaesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens on postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, PONV and pain after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD001893. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD001893; Karabinis A, Mandragos K, Stergiopoulos S, Komnos A, Soukup J, Speelberg B, Kirkham AJ. Safety and efficacy of analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil versus standard hypnotic-based regimens in intensive care unit patients with brain injuries: a randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN50308308]. Crit Care. 2004 Aug;8(4):R268-80. DOI:10.1186/cc2896; Kastrup M, von Dossow V, Seeling M, Ahlborn R, Tamarkin A, Conroy P, Boemke W, Wernecke KD, Spies C. Key performance indicators in intensive care medicine. A retrospective matched cohort study. J Int Med Res. 2009 Sep-Oct;37(5):1267-84. DOI:10.1177/147323000903700502; Khalifezadeh A, Safazadeh S, Mehrabi T, Mansour BA. Reviewing the effect of nursing interventions on delirious patients admitted to intensive care unit of neurosurgery ward in Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2011;16(1):106-12.; Kluge S, Braune SA, Engel M, Nierhaus A, Frings D, Ebelt H, Uhrig A, Metschke M, Wegscheider K, Suttorp N, Rousseau S. Avoiding invasive mechanical ventilation by extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal in patients failing noninvasive ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2012 Oct;38(10):1632-9. DOI:10.1007/s00134-012-2649-2; Kolenda H, Gremmelt A, Rading S, Braun U, Markakis E. Ketamine for analgosedative therapy in intensive care treatment of head-injured patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1996;138(10):1193-9. Erratum in: Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1997;139(12):1193. DOI:10.1007/BF01809750; Kong KL. Inhalational anesthetics in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin. 1995 Oct;11(4):887-902.; Kredel M, Bischof L, Wurmb TE, Roewer N, Muellenbach RM. Combination of positioning therapy and venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in ARDS patients. Perfusion. 2014 Mar;29(2):171-7. DOI:10.1177/0267659113502834; Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O'Connor MF, Hall JB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2000 May;342(20):1471-7. DOI:10.1056/NEJM200005183422002; Lamas A, Lopez-Herce J. Monitoring sedation in the critically ill child. Anaesthesia. 2010 May;65(5):516-24. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06263.x; Lauer KK, Connolly LA, Schmeling WT. Opioid sedation does not alter intracranial pressure in head injured patients. Can J Anaesth. 1997 Sep;44(9):929-33. DOI:10.1007/BF03011963; LeBlanc JM, Dasta JF, Kane-Gill SL. Role of the bispectral index in sedation monitoring in the ICU. Ann Pharmacother. 2006 Mar;40(3):490-500. DOI:10.1345/aph.1E491; Lejeune C, Aubisson S, Simmat-Durand L, Cneude F, Piquet M, Gourarier L; Groupe d'Etudes Grossesse et addictions. Syndromes de sevrage des nouveau-nes de meres toxicomanes substituees par la methadone ou la buprenorphine haut dosage [Withdrawal syndromes of newborns of pregnant drug abusers maintained under methadone or high-dose buprenorphine: 246 cases]. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 2001 Nov;152 Suppl 7:21-7.; Lin Y, Chen J, Wang Z. Meta-analysis of factors which influence delirium following cardiac surgery. J Card Surg. 2012 Jul;27(4):481-92. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-8191.2012.01472.x; Loepke AW. Developmental neurotoxicity of sedatives and anesthetics: a concern for neonatal and pediatric critical care medicine? Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2010 Mar;11(2):217-26. DOI:10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181b80383; Loftus JR, Hill H, Cohen SE. Placental transfer and neonatal effects of epidural sufentanil and fentanyl administered with bupivacaine during labor. Anesthesiology. 1995 Aug;83(2):300-8. DOI:10.1097/00000542-199508000-00010; Lonergan E, Britton AM, Luxenberg J, Wyller T. Antipsychotics for delirium. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Apr 18;(2):CD005594. DOI:10.1002/14651858.cd005594.pub2; Lonergan E, Luxenberg J, Areosa Sastre A. Benzodiazepines for delirium. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4). DOI:10.1002/14651858.cd006379.pub3; Luetz A, Heymann A, Radtke FM, Chenitir C, Neuhaus U, Nachtigall I, von Dossow V, Marz S, Eggers V, Heinz A, Wernecke KD, Spies CD. Different assessment tools for intensive care unit delirium: which score to use? Crit Care Med. 2010 Feb;38(2):409-18. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cabb42; Luetz A, Goldmann A, Weber-Carstens S, Spies C. Weaning from mechanical ventilation and sedation. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2012 Apr;25(2):164-9. DOI:10.1097/ACO.0b013e32834f8ce7; Lynn A, Nespeca MK, Bratton SL, Strauss SG, Shen DD. Clearance of morphine in postoperative infants during intravenous infusion: the influence of age and surgery. Anesth Analg. 1998 May;86(5):958-63.; Machata AM, Illievich UM, Gustorff B, Gonano C, Fässler K, Spiss CK. Remifentanil for tracheal tube tolerance: a case control study. Anaesthesia. 2007 Aug;62(8):796-801. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05100.x; Madadi P, Ross CJ, Hayden MR, Carleton BC, Gaedigk A, Leeder JS, Koren G. Pharmacogenetics of neonatal opioid toxicity following maternal use of codeine during breastfeeding: a case-control study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Jan;85(1):31-5. DOI:10.1038/clpt.2008.157; Marshall J, Finn CA, Theodore AC. Impact of a clinical pharmacist-enforced intensive care unit sedation protocol on duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay. Crit Care Med. 2008 Feb;36(2):427-33. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000300275.63811.B3; Martin J, Bäsell K, Bürkle H, Hommel J, Huth G, Kessler P, Kretz FJ, Putensen C, Quintel M, Tonner P, Tryba M, Scholz J, Schüttler J, Wappler F, Spies C. Analgesie und Sedierung in der Intensivmedizin - Kurzversion: S2-Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin. Anästhesiol Intensivmed. 2005;Suppl. 1:1-20.; Martorella G, Boitor M, Michaud C, Gélinas C. Feasibility and acceptability of hand massage therapy for pain management of postoperative cardiac surgery patients in the intensive care unit. Heart Lung. 2014 Sep-Oct;43(5):437-44. DOI:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2014.06.047; Massaro M, Pastore S, Ventura A, Barbi E. Pain in cognitively impaired children: a focus for general pediatricians. Eur J Pediatr. 2013 Jan;172(1):9-14. DOI:10.1007/s00431-012-1720-x; Matthes G, Bernhard M, Kanz KG, Waydhas C, Fischbacher M, Fischer M, Böttiger BW. Notfallnarkose, Atemwegsmanagement und Beatmung beim Polytrauma. Hintergrund und Kernaussagen der interdisziplinären S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma [Emergency anesthesia, airway management and ventilation in major trauma. Background and key messages of the interdisciplinary S3 guidelines for major trauma patients]. Unfallchirurg. 2012 Mar;115(3):251-64; quiz 265-6. DOI:10.1007/s00113-011-2138-z; McCunn M, Reynolds HN, Cottingham CA, Scalea TM, Habashi NM. Extracorporeal support in an adult with severe carbon monoxide poisoning and shock following smoke inhalation: a case report. Perfusion. 2000 Mar;15(2):169-73. DOI:10.1177/026765910001500213; Mehta S, Burry L, Cook D, Fergusson D, Steinberg M, Granton J, Herridge M, Ferguson N, Devlin J, Tanios M, Dodek P, Fowler R, Burns K, Jacka M, Olafson K, Skrobik Y, Hébert P, Sabri E, Meade M; SLEAP Investigators. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Daily sedation interruption in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients cared for with a sedation protocol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012 Nov;308(19):1985-92. DOI:10.1001/jama.2012.13872; Mehta S, Cook D, Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Meade M, Fergusson D, Herridge M, Steinberg M, Granton J, Ferguson N, Tanios M, Dodek P, Fowler R, Burns K, Jacka M, Olafson K, Mallick R, Reynolds S, Keenan S, Burry L; SLEAP Investigators; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of delirium in mechanically ventilated adults. Crit Care Med. 2015 Mar;43(3):557-66. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000727; Meiser A, Laubenthal H. Inhalational anaesthetics in the ICU: theory and practice of inhalational sedation in the ICU, economics, risk-benefit. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2005 Sep;19(3):523-38. DOI:10.1016/j.bpa.2005.02.006; Memis D, Inal MT, Kavalci G, Sezer A, Sut N. Intravenous paracetamol reduced the use of opioids, extubation time, and opioid-related adverse effects after major surgery in intensive care unit. J Crit Care. 2010 Sep;25(3):458-62. DOI:10.1016/j.jcrc.2009.12.012; Millane TA, Bennett ED, Grounds RM. Isoflurane and propofol for long-term sedation in the intensive care unit. A crossover study. Anaesthesia. 1992 Sep;47(9):768-74. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1992.tb03254.x; Mirski MA, Hemstreet MK. Critical care sedation for neuroscience patients. J Neurol Sci. 2007 Oct;261(1-2):16-34. DOI:10.1016/j.jns.2007.04.028; Monitto CL, Greenberg RS, Kost-Byerly S, Wetzel R, Billett C, Lebet RM, Yaster M. The safety and efficacy of parent-/nurse-controlled analgesia in patients less than six years of age. Anesth Analg. 2000 Sep;91(3):573-9. DOI:10.1213/00000539-200009000-00014; Moore RP, Wester T, Sunder R, Schrock C, Park TS. Peri-operative pain management in children with cerebral palsy: comparative efficacy of epidural vs systemic analgesia protocols. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013 Aug;23(8):720-5. DOI:10.1111/pan.12187; Morris LD, Louw QA, Grimmer-Somers K. The effectiveness of virtual reality on reducing pain and anxiety in burn injury patients: a systematic review. Clin J Pain. 2009 Nov-Dec;25(9):815-26. DOI:10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181aaa909; Moyer DD. Review article: terminal delirium in geriatric patients with cancer at end of life. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2011 Feb;28(1):44-51. DOI:10.1177/1049909110376755; Muellejans B, Matthey T, Scholpp J, Schill M. Sedation in the intensive care unit with remifentanil/propofol versus midazolam/fentanyl: a randomised, open-label, pharmacoeconomic trial. Crit Care. 2006;10(3):R91. DOI:10.1186/cc4939; Needham DM, Korupolu R, Zanni JM, Pradhan P, Colantuoni E, Palmer JB, Brower RG, Fan E. Early physical medicine and rehabilitation for patients with acute respiratory failure: a quality improvement project. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010 Apr;91(4):536-42. DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2010.01.002; Ng E, Taddio A, Ohlsson A. Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD002052. DOI:10.1002/14651858.cd002052; Niederhoff H, Zahradnik HP. Analgesics during pregnancy. Am J Med. 1983 Nov 14;75(5A):117-20. DOI:10.1016/0002-9343(83)90242-5; Nielsen GL, Sørensen HT, Larsen H, Pedersen L. Risk of adverse birth outcome and miscarriage in pregnant users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based observational study and case-control study. BMJ. 2001 Feb;322(7281):266-70. DOI:10.1136/bmj.322.7281.266; Notarianni LJ, Oldham HG, Bennett PN. Passage of paracetamol into breast milk and its subsequent metabolism by the neonate. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1987 Jul;24(1):63-7. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03137.x; OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group. The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Available from: http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653; Ouimet S, Kavanagh BP, Gottfried SB, Skrobik Y. Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Jan;33(1):66-73. DOI:10.1007/s00134-006-0399-8; Ouimet S, Riker R, Bergeron N, Bergeon N, Cossette M, Kavanagh B, Skrobik Y. Subsyndromal delirium in the ICU: evidence for a disease spectrum. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Jun;33(6):1007-13. DOI:10.1007/s00134-007-0618-y; Oyelese Y, Ananth CV. Postpartum hemorrhage: epidemiology, risk factors, and causes. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Mar;53(1):147-56. DOI:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181cc406d; Oztekin S, Hepaguslar H, Kar AA, Ozzeybek D, Artikaslan O, Elar Z. Preemptive diclofenac reduces morphine use after remifentanil-based anaesthesia for tonsillectomy. Paediatr Anaesth. 2002 Oct;12(8):694-9. DOI:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.00950.x; Pandharipande P, Cotton BA, Shintani A, Thompson J, Pun BT, Morris JA Jr, Dittus R, Ely EW. Prevalence and risk factors for development of delirium in surgical and trauma intensive care unit patients. J Trauma. 2008 Jul;65(1):34-41. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e31814b2c4d; Pandharipande P, Shintani A, Peterson J, Pun BT, Wilkinson GR, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients. Anesthesiology. 2006 Jan;104(1):21-6. DOI:10.1097/00000542-200601000-00005; Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC, Morandi A, Thompson JL, Pun BT, Brummel NE, Hughes CG, Vasilevskis EE, Shintani AK, Moons KG, Geevarghese SK, Canonico A, Hopkins RO, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW; BRAIN-ICU Study Investigators. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N Engl J Med. 2013 Oct;369(14):1306-16. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1301372; Panitchote A, Tangvoraphonkchai K, Suebsoh N, Eamma W, Chanthonglarng B, Tiamkao S, Limpawattana P. Under-recognition of delirium in older adults by nurses in the intensive care unit setting. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2015 Oct;27(5):735-40. DOI:10.1007/s40520-015-0323-6; Parkinson L, Hughes J, Gill A, Billingham I, Ratcliffe J, Choonara I. A randomized controlled trial of sedation in the critically ill. Paediatr Anaesth. 1997;7(5):405-10. DOI:10.1046/j.1460-9592.1997.d01-109.x; Patel J, Baldwin J, Bunting P, Laha S. The effect of a multicomponent multidisciplinary bundle of interventions on sleep and delirium in medical and surgical intensive care patients. Anaesthesia. 2014 Jun;69(6):540-9. DOI:10.1111/anae.12638; Patel P, Sun L. Update on neonatal anesthetic neurotoxicity: insight into molecular mechanisms and relevance to humans. Anesthesiology. 2009 Apr;110(4):703-8. DOI:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819c42a4; Perez-Barcena J, Llompart-Pou JA, Homar J, Abadal JM, Raurich JM, Frontera G, Brell M. Pentobarbital versus thiopental in the treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension in patients with traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2008;12(4):R112. DOI:10.1186/cc6999; Perpiñá-Galvañ J, Richart-Martínez M. Scales for evaluating self-perceived anxiety levels in patients admitted to intensive care units: a review. Am J Crit Care. 2009 Nov;18(6):571-80. DOI:10.4037/ajcc2009682; Pesonen A, Suojaranta-Ylinen R, Hammaren E, Kontinen VK, Raivio P, Tarkkila P, Rosenberg PH. Pregabalin has an opioid-sparing effect in elderly patients after cardiac surgery: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Br J Anaesth. 2011 Jun;106(6):873-81. DOI:10.1093/bja/aer083; Peters JW, Koot HM, Grunau RE, de Boer J, van Druenen MJ, Tibboel D, Duivenvoorden HJ. Neonatal Facial Coding System for assessing postoperative pain in infants: item reduction is valid and feasible. Clin J Pain. 2003 Nov-Dec;19(6):353-63. DOI:10.1097/00002508-200311000-00003; Peterson JF, Pun BT, Dittus RS, Thomason JW, Jackson JC, Shintani AK, Ely EW. Delirium and its motoric subtypes: a study of 614 critically ill patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 Mar;54(3):479-84. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00621.x; Pham TN, Otto A, Young SR, Kramer CB, Heimbach DM, Gibran NS, Klein MB. Early withdrawal of life support in severe burn injury. J Burn Care Res. 2012 Jan-Feb;33(1):130-5. DOI:10.1097/BCR.0b013e31823e598d; Pickering AE, Bridge HS, Nolan J, Stoddart PA. Double-blind, placebo-controlled analgesic study of ibuprofen or rofecoxib in combination with paracetamol for tonsillectomy in children. Br J Anaesth. 2002 Jan;88(1):72-7. DOI:10.1093/bja/88.1.72; Piriyapatsom A, Bittner EA, Hines J, Schmidt UH. Sedation and paralysis. Respir Care. 2013 Jun;58(6):1024-37. DOI:10.4187/respcare.02232; Pisani MA, Murphy TE, Araujo KL, Slattum P, Van Ness PH, Inouye SK. Benzodiazepine and opioid use and the duration of intensive care unit delirium in an older population. Crit Care Med. 2009 Jan;37(1):177-83. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318192fcf9; Pisani MA, Murphy TE, Van Ness PH, Araujo KL, Inouye SK. Characteristics associated with delirium in older patients in a medical intensive care unit. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Aug 13-27;167(15):1629-34. DOI:10.1001/archinte.167.15.1629; Playfor SD. Analgesia and sedation in critically ill children. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2008 Jun;93(3):87-92. DOI:10.1136/adc.2007.119628; Pöpping DM, Elia N, Marret E, Remy C, Tramèr MR. Protective effects of epidural analgesia on pulmonary complications after abdominal and thoracic surgery: a meta-analysis. Arch Surg. 2008 Oct;143(10):990-9; discussion 1000. DOI:10.1001/archsurg.143.10.990; Prakanrattana U, Prapaitrakool S. Efficacy of risperidone for prevention of postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2007 Oct;35(5):714-9.; Pun BT, Gordon SM, Peterson JF, Shintani AK, Jackson JC, Foss J, Harding SD, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW. Large-scale implementation of sedation and delirium monitoring in the intensive care unit: a report from two medical centers. Crit Care Med. 2005 Jun;33(6):1199-205. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000166867.78320.AC; Quenot JP, Ladoire S, Devoucoux F, Doise JM, Cailliod R, Cunin N, Aubé H, Blettery B, Charles PE. Effect of a nurse-implemented sedation protocol on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2007 Sep;35(9):2031-6. DOI:10.1097/01.ccm.0000282733.83089.4d; Radtke FM, Heymann A, Franck M, Maechler F, Drews T, Luetz A, Nachtigall I, Wernecke KD, Spies CD. How to implement monitoring tools for sedation, pain and delirium in the intensive care unit: an experimental cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2012 Dec;38(12):1974-81. DOI:10.1007/s00134-012-2658-1; Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, Needham DM. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013 Feb;93(2):248-55. DOI:10.2522/ptj.20120336; Richardson P, Mustard L. The management of pain in the burns unit. Burns. 2009 Nov;35(7):921-36. DOI:10.1016/j.burns.2009.03.003; Richman PS, Baram D, Varela M, Glass PS. Sedation during mechanical ventilation: a trial of benzodiazepine and opiate in combination. Crit Care Med. 2006 May;34(5):1395-401. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000215454.50964.F8; Riker RR, Fraser GL. Monitoring sedation, agitation, analgesia, neuromuscular blockade, and delirium in adult ICU patients. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;22(2):189-98. DOI:10.1055/s-2001-13832; Riker RR, Shehabi Y, Bokesch PM, Ceraso D, Wisemandle W, Koura F, Whitten P, Margolis BD, Byrne DW, Ely EW, Rocha MG; SEDCOM (Safety and Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine Compared With Midazolam) Study Group. Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2009 Feb;301(5):489-99. DOI:10.1001/jama.2009.56; Roberts DJ, Hall RI, Kramer AH, Robertson HL, Gallagher CN, Zygun DA. Sedation for critically ill adults with severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med. 2011 Dec;39(12):2743-51. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318228236f; Roberts I. Barbiturates for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000033. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD000033; Robinson BR, Mueller EW, Henson K, Branson RD, Barsoum S, Tsuei BJ. An analgesia-delirium-sedation protocol for critically ill trauma patients reduces ventilator days and hospital length of stay. J Trauma. 2008 Sep;65(3):517-26. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e318181b8f6; Ruokonen E, Parviainen I, Jakob SM, Nunes S, Kaukonen M, Shepherd ST, Sarapohja T, Bratty JR, Takala J. "Dexmedetomidine for Continuous Sedation" Investigators. Dexmedetomidine versus propofol/midazolam for long-term sedation during mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2009 Feb;35(2):282-90. DOI:10.1007/s00134-008-1296-0; Sackey PV, Martling CR, Granath F, Radell PJ. Prolonged isoflurane sedation of intensive care unit patients with the Anesthetic Conserving Device. Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov;32(11):2241-6.; Schellongowski P, Riss K, Staudinger T, Ullrich R, Krenn CG, Sitzwohl C, Bojic A, Wohlfarth P, Sperr WR, Rabitsch W, Aigner C, Taghavi S, Jaksch P, Klepetko W, Lang G. Extracorporeal CO2 removal as bridge to lung transplantation in life-threatening hypercapnia. Transpl Int. 2015 Mar;28(3):297-304. DOI:10.1111/tri.12486; Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. Injurious sleep behavior disorders (parasomnias) affecting patients on intensive care units. Intensive Care Med. 1991;17(4):219-24. DOI:10.1007/BF01709881; Schieveld JN, Leroy PL, van Os J, Nicolai J, Vos GD, Leentjens AF. Pediatric delirium in critical illness: phenomenology, clinical correlates and treatment response in 40 cases in the pediatric intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Jun;33(6):1033-40. DOI:10.1007/s00134-007-0637-8; Schönhofer B, Geiseler J, Dellweg D, Moerer O, Barchfeld T, Fuchs H, Karg O, Rosseau S, Sitter H, Weber-Carstens S, Westhoff M, Windisch W. [Prolonged weaning: S2k-guideline published by the German Respiratory Society]. Pneumologie. 2014 Jan;68(1):19-75. DOI:10.1055/s-0033-1359038; Schwartz ML, Tator CH, Rowed DW, Reid SR, Meguro K, Andrews DF. The University of Toronto head injury treatment study: a prospective, randomized comparison of pentobarbital and mannitol. Can J Neurol Sci. 1984 Nov;11(4):434-40.; Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS, Nigos C, Pawlik AJ, Esbrook CL, Spears L, Miller M, Franczyk M, Deprizio D, Schmidt GA, Bowman A, Barr R, McCallister KE, Hall JB, Kress JP. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009 May 30;373(9678):1874-82. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60658-9; Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, Brophy GM, O'Neal PV, Keane KA, Tesoro EP, Elswick RK. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Nov;166(10):1338-44. DOI:10.1164/rccm.2107138; Seymour CW, Pandharipande PP, Koestner T, Hudson LD, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Ely EW, Girard TD. Diurnal sedative changes during intensive care: impact on liberation from mechanical ventilation and delirium. Crit Care Med. 2012 Oct;40(10):2788-96. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31825b8ade; Seymour MP, Jefferies TM, Floyd AJ, Notarianni LJ. Routine determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analyst. 1987 Apr;112(4):427-31. DOI:10.1039/an9871200427; Sharshar T, Citerio G, Andrews PJ, Chieregato A, Latronico N, Menon DK, Puybasset L, Sandroni C, Stevens RD. Neurological examination of critically ill patients: a pragmatic approach. Report of an ESICM expert panel. Intensive Care Med. 2014 Apr;40(4):484-95. DOI:10.1007/s00134-014-3214-y; Shehabi Y, Bellomo R, Reade MC, Bailey M, Bass F, Howe B, McArthur C, Murray L, Seppelt IM, Webb S, Weisbrodt L; Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation Study Investigators; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group. Early goal-directed sedation versus standard sedation in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a pilot study*. Crit Care Med. 2013 Aug;41(8):1983-91. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828a437d; Shehabi Y, Bellomo R, Reade MC, Bailey M, Bass F, Howe B, McArthur C, Seppelt IM, Webb S, Weisbrodt L. Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE) Study Investigators; ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Early intensive care sedation predicts long-term mortality in ventilated critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Oct;186(8):724-31. DOI:10.1164/rccm.201203-0522OC; Shehabi Y, Riker RR, Bokesch PM, Wisemandle W, Shintani A, Ely EW; SEDCOM (Safety and Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine Compared With Midazolam) Study Group. Delirium duration and mortality in lightly sedated, mechanically ventilated intensive care patients. Crit Care Med. 2010 Dec;38(12):2311-8. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181f85759; Shehabi Y, Grant P, Wolfenden H, Hammond N, Bass F, Campbell M, Chen J. Prevalence of delirium with dexmedetomidine compared with morphine based therapy after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial (DEXmedetomidine COmpared to Morphine-DEXCOM Study). Anesthesiology. 2009 Nov;111(5):1075-84. DOI:10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181b6a783; Shehabi Y, Chan L, Kadiman S, Alias A, Ismail WN, Tan MA, Khoo TM, Ali SB, Saman MA, Shaltut A, Tan CC, Yong CY, Bailey M; Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE) Study Group investigators. Sedation depth and long-term mortality in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults: a prospective longitudinal multicentre cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2013 May;39(5):910-8. DOI:10.1007/s00134-013-2830-2; Silver G, Traube C, Kearney J, Kelly D, Yoon MJ, Nash Moyal W, Gangopadhyay M, Shao H, Ward MJ. Detecting pediatric delirium: development of a rapid observational assessment tool. Intensive Care Med. 2012 Jun;38(6):1025-31. DOI:10.1007/s00134-012-2518-z; Skrobik Y, Ahern S, Leblanc M, Marquis F, Awissi DK, Kavanagh BP. Protocolized intensive care unit management of analgesia, sedation, and delirium improves analgesia and subsyndromal delirium rates. Anesth Analg. 2010 Aug;111(2):451-63. DOI:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181d7e1b8; Smith HA, Brink E, Fuchs DC, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP. Pediatric delirium: monitoring and management in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2013 Jun;60(3):741-60. DOI:10.1016/j.pcl.2013.02.010; Smith HA, Boyd J, Fuchs DC, Melvin K, Berry P, Shintani A, Eden SK, Terrell MK, Boswell T, Wolfram K, Sopfe J, Barr FE, Pandharipande PP, Ely EW. Diagnosing delirium in critically ill children: Validity and reliability of the Pediatric Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit. Crit Care Med. 2011 Jan;39(1):150-7. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181feb489; Sommer W, Marsch G, Kaufeld T, Rontgen P, Beutel G, Tongers J, Warnecke G, Tudorache I, Schieffer B, Haverich A, Kuehn C. Cardiac awake extracorporeal life support-bridge to decision? Artif Organs. 2015 May;39(5):400-8. DOI:10.1111/aor.12396; Spencer EM, Willatts SM. Isoflurane for prolonged sedation in the intensive care unit; efficacy and safety. Intensive Care Med. 1992;18(7):415-21. DOI:10.1007/BF01694344; Spies CD, Dubisz N, Neumann T, Blum S, Müller C, Rommelspacher H, Brummer G, Specht M, Sanft C, Hannemann L, Striebel HW, Schaffartzik W. Therapy of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in intensive care unit patients following trauma: results of a prospective, randomized trial. Crit Care Med. 1996 Mar;24(3):414-22. DOI:10.1097/00003246-199603000-00009; Spies CD, Rommelspacher H. Alcohol withdrawal in the surgical patient: prevention and treatment. Anesth Analg. 1999 Apr;88(4):946-54.; Spies CD, Otter HE, Hüske B, Sinha P, Neumann T, Rettig J, Lenzenhuber E, Kox WJ, Sellers EM. Alcohol withdrawal severity is decreased by symptom-orientated adjusted bolus therapy in the ICU. Intensive Care Med. 2003 Dec;29(12):2230-8. DOI:10.1007/s00134-003-2033-3; Steer PL, Biddle CJ, Marley WS, Lantz RK, Sulik PL. Concentration of fentanyl in colostrum after an analgesic dose. Can J Anaesth. 1992 Mar;39(3):231-5. DOI:10.1007/BF03008782; Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A. Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(3):CD001069. DOI:10.1002/14651858.cd001069.pub2; Stevens B, McGrath P, Gibbins S, Beyene J, Breau L, Camfield C, Finley A, Franck L, Howlett A, McKeever P, O'Brien K, Ohlsson A, Yamada J. Procedural pain in newborns at risk for neurologic impairment. Pain. 2003 Sep;105(1-2):27-35.; Strom T, Martinussen T, Toft P. A protocol of no sedation for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2010 Feb 6;375(9713):475-80. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62072-9; Sun L. Early childhood general anaesthesia exposure and neurocognitive development. Br J Anaesth. 2010 Dec;105 Suppl 1:i61-8. DOI:10.1093/bja/aeq302; Swisher CB, Shah D, Sinha SR, Husain AM. Baseline EEG pattern on continuous ICU EEG monitoring and incidence of seizures. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;32(2):147-51. DOI:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000157; Tarkkila P, Saarnivaara L. Ketoprofen, diclofenac or ketorolac for pain after tonsillectomy in adults? Br J Anaesth. 1999 Jan;82(1):56-60. DOI:10.1093/bja/82.1.56; Taylor A, Walker C, Butt W. Can children recall their experiences of admission to an intensive care unit? Crit Care Resusc. 2000 Dec;2(4):253-9.; The ADAPTE Collaboration. The ADAPTE Process: Toolkit for Guideline Adaptation. Version 2.0. 2009. Available from: http://www.g-i-n.net/document-store/working-groups-documents/adaptation/adapte-resource-toolkit-guideline-adaptation-2-0.pdf; Thulstrup AM, Sørensen HT, Nielsen GL, Andersen L, Barrett D, Vilstrup H, Olsen J. Fetal growth and adverse birth outcomes in women receiving prescriptions for acetaminophen during pregnancy. EuroMap Study Group. Am J Perinatol. 1999;16(7):321-6. DOI:10.1055/s-2007-993879; Tipping CJ, Young PJ, Romero L, Saxena MK, Dulhunty J, Hodgson CL. A systematic review of measurements of physical function in critically ill adults. Crit Care Resusc. 2012 Dec;14(4):302-11.; Tobias JD, Berkenbosch JW. Sedation during mechanical ventilation in infants and children: dexmedetomidine versus midazolam. South Med J. 2004 May;97(5):451-5. DOI:10.1097/00007611-200405000-00007; Tramm R, Hodgson C, Ilic D, Sheldrake J, Pellegrino V. Identification and prevalence of PTSD risk factors in ECMO patients: A single centre study. Aust Crit Care. 2015 Feb;28(1):31-6. DOI:10.1016/j.aucc.2014.04.005; Triltsch AE, Welte M, von Homeyer P, Grosse J, Genähr A, Moshirzadeh M, Sidiropoulos A, Konertz W, Kox WJ, Spies CD. Bispectral index-guided sedation with dexmedetomidine in intensive care: a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled phase II study. Crit Care Med. 2002 May;30(5):1007-14. DOI:10.1097/00003246-200205000-00009; Trogrlic Z, van der Jagt M, Bakker J, Balas MC, Ely EW, van der Voort PH, Ista E. A systematic review of implementation strategies for assessment, prevention, and management of ICU delirium and their effect on clinical outcomes. Crit Care. 2015;19:157. DOI:10.1186/s13054-015-0886-9; Tsui SL, Irwin MG, Wong CM, Fung SK, Hui TW, Ng KF, Chan WS, O'Reagan AM. An audit of the safety of an acute pain service. Anaesthesia. 1997 Nov;52(11):1042-7. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1997.232-az0371.x; Umunna BP, Tekwani K, Barounis D, Kettaneh N, Kulstad E. Ketamine for continuous sedation of mechanically ventilated patients. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2015 Jan-Mar;8(1):11-5. DOI:10.4103/0974-2700.145414; Van Rompaey B, Elseviers MM, Schuurmans MJ, Shortridge-Baggett LM, Truijen S, Bossaert L. Risk factors for delirium in intensive care patients: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2009;13(3):R77. DOI:10.1186/cc7892; Van Rompaey B, Elseviers MM, Van Drom W, Fromont V, Jorens PG. The effect of earplugs during the night on the onset of delirium and sleep perception: a randomized controlled trial in intensive care patients. Crit Care. 2012;16(3):R73. DOI:10.1186/cc11330; Vandermeulen EP, Van Aken H, Vermylen J. Anticoagulants and spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1994 Dec;79(6):1165-77. DOI:10.1213/00000539-199412000-00024; Vasilevskis EE, Morandi A, Boehm L, Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC, Thompson JL, Shintani A, Gordon SM, Pun BT, Ely EW. Delirium and sedation recognition using validated instruments: reliability of bedside intensive care unit nursing assessments from 2007 to 2010. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 Nov;59 Suppl 2:S249-55. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03673.x; Verlaat CW, Heesen GP, Vet NJ, de Hoog M, van der Hoeven JG, Kox M, Pickkers P. Randomized controlled trial of daily interruption of sedatives in critically ill children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2014 Feb;24(2):151-6. DOI:10.1111/pan.12245; Viitanen H, Tuominen N, Vaaraniemi H, Nikanne E, Annila P. Analgesic efficacy of rectal acetaminophen and ibuprofen alone or in combination for paediatric day-case adenoidectomy. Br J Anaesth. 2003 Sep;91(3):363-7. DOI:10.1093/bja/aeg196; van Dijk M, de Boer JB, Koot HM, Tibboel D, Passchier J, Duivenvoorden HJ. The reliability and validity of the COMFORT scale as a postoperative pain instrument in 0 to 3-year-old infants. Pain. 2000 Feb;84(2-3):367-77. DOI:10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00239-0; van Dijk M, Roofthooft DW, Anand KJ, Guldemond F, de Graaf J, Simons S, de Jager Y, van Goudoever JB, Tibboel D. Taking up the challenge of measuring prolonged pain in (premature) neonates: the COMFORTneo scale seems promising. Clin J Pain. 2009 Sep;25(7):607-16. DOI:10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181a5b52a; van den Boogaard M, Schoonhoven L, van Achterberg T, van der Hoeven JG, Pickkers P. Haloperidol prophylaxis in critically ill patients with a high risk for delirium. Crit Care. 2013;17(1):R9. DOI:10.1186/cc11933; Wade D, Hardy R, Howell D, Mythen M. Identifying clinical and acute psychological risk factors for PTSD after critical care: a systematic review. Minerva Anestesiol. 2013 Aug;79(8):944-63.; Walder B, Elia N, Henzi I, Romand JR, Tramèr MR. A lack of evidence of superiority of propofol versus midazolam for sedation in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a qualitative and quantitative systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2001 Apr;92(4):975-83. DOI:10.1097/00000539-200104000-00033; Wang HR, Woo YS, Bahk WM. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013 Jul;67(5):323-31. DOI:10.1111/pcn.12066; Wang W, Li HL, Wang DX, Zhu X, Li SL, Yao GQ, Chen KS, Gu XE, Zhu SN. Haloperidol prophylaxis decreases delirium incidence in elderly patients after noncardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial*. Crit Care Med. 2012 Mar;40(3):731-9. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182376e4f; Wang X, Ding X, Tong Y, Zong J, Zhao X, Ren H, Li Q. Ketamine does not increase intracranial pressure compared with opioids: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Anesth. 2014 Dec;28(6):821-7. DOI:10.1007/s00540-014-1845-3; Ward CG, Loepke AW. Anesthetics and sedatives: toxic or protective for the developing brain? Pharmacol Res. 2012 Mar;65(3):271-4. DOI:10.1016/j.phrs.2011.10.001; Ward JD, Becker DP, Miller JD, Choi SC, Marmarou A, Wood C, Newlon PG, Keenan R. Failure of prophylactic barbiturate coma in the treatment of severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 1985 Mar;62(3):383-8. DOI:10.3171/jns.1985.62.3.0383; Warden V, Hurley AC, Volicer L. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003 Jan-Feb;4(1):9-15. DOI:10.1097/01.JAM.0000043422.31640.F7; Warncke T, Stubhaug A, Jørum E. Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, suppresses spatial and temporal properties of burn-induced secondary hyperalgesia in man: a double-blind, cross-over comparison with morphine and placebo. Pain. 1997 Aug;72(1-2):99-106. DOI:10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00006-7; Warner KJ, Cuschieri J, Jurkovich GJ, Bulger EM. Single-dose etomidate for rapid sequence intubation may impact outcome after severe injury. J Trauma. 2009 Jul;67(1):45-50. DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181a92a70; Warren J, Fromm RE Jr, Orr RA, Rotello LC, Horst HM. American College of Critical Care Medicine. Guidelines for the inter- and intrahospital transport of critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2004 Jan;32(1):256-62. DOI:10.1097/01.CCM.0000104917.39204.0A; Wasiak J, Mahar P, McGuinness SK, Spinks A, Danilla S, Cleland H. Intravenous lidocaine for the treatment of background or procedural burn pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jun 13;6:CD005622. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD005622.pub3; Whalen LD, Di Gennaro JL, Irby GA, Yanay O, Zimmerman JJ. Long-term dexmedetomidine use and safety profile among critically ill children and neonates. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2014 Oct;15(8):706-14. DOI:10.1097/PCC.0000000000000200; Whitlock EL, Torres BA, Lin N, Helsten DL, Nadelson MR, Mashour GA, Avidan MS. Postoperative delirium in a substudy of cardiothoracic surgical patients in the BAG-RECALL clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2014 Apr;118(4):809-17. DOI:10.1213/ANE.0000000000000028; Wielenga JM, De Vos R, de Leeuw R, De Haan RJ. COMFORT scale: a reliable and valid method to measure the amount of stress of ventilated preterm infants. Neonatal Netw. 2004 Mar-Apr;23(2):39-44. DOI:10.1891/0730-0832.23.2.39; Wijeysundera DN, Beattie WS, Austin PC, Hux JE, Laupacis A. Epidural anaesthesia and survival after intermediate-to-high risk non-cardiac surgery: a population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2008 Aug 16;372(9638):562-9. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61121-6; Wilcox ME, Brummel NE, Archer K, Ely EW, Jackson JC, Hopkins RO. Cognitive dysfunction in ICU patients: risk factors, predictors, and rehabilitation interventions. Crit Care Med. 2013 Sep;41(9 Suppl 1):S81-98. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182a16946; Witlox J, Eurelings LS, de Jonghe JF, Kalisvaart KJ, Eikelenboom P, van Gool WA. Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010 Jul;304(4):443-51. DOI:10.1001/jama.2010.1013; Young C, Knudsen N, Hilton A, Reves JG. Sedation in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2000 Mar;28(3):854-66. DOI:10.1097/00003246-200003000-00041; Zhang Z, Pan L, Ni H. Impact of delirium on clinical outcome in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013 Mar-Apr;35(2):105-11. DOI:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.11.003; http://dx.doi.org/10.3205/000223; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-0002238; http://www.egms.de/en/journals/gms/2015-13/000223.shtml
-
15
المؤلفون: Wiedemann, A, Spranger, F, Heppner, HJ
المصدر: 46. Gemeinsame Tagung der Bayerischen Urologenvereinigung und der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Urologie und Andrologie; 20200514-20200516; Nürnberg; DOC20urobay059 /20200730/
مصطلحات موضوعية: ddc: 610, 610 Medical sciences, Medicine
-
16Electronic Resource
Additional Titles: Calculated parenteral initial therapy of bacterial infections: Antibiotic treatment in the elderly
المؤلفون: Walger, P, Heppner, HJ
المصدر: GMS Infectious Diseases; VOL: 8; DOC05 /20200326/
URL:
http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-id0000497 http://www.egms.de/en/journals/id/2020-8/id000049.shtml
Afilalo J, Steele R, Manning WJ, Khabbaz KR, Rudski LG, Langlois Y, Morin JF, Picard MH. Derivation and Validation of Prognosis-Based Age Cutoffs to Define Elderly in Cardiac Surgery. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2016 Jul;9(4):424-31. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.002409
Altena R, van Roon E, Folkeringa R, de Wit H, Hoogendoorn M. Clinical challenges related to novel oral anticoagulants: drug-drug interactions and monitoring. Haematologica. 2014 Feb;99(2):e26-7. DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.097287
Antoniou T, Gomes T, Juurlink DN, Loutfy MR, Glazier RH, Mamdani MM. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-induced hyperkalemia in patients receiving inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Jun;170(12):1045-9. DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.142
Bauer JM, Sieber CC. Frailty: ein neues Syndrom mit hoher Relevanz für den Arzt in einer alternden Gesellschaft. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2007;112(2):1-4.
Beckett CL, Harbarth S, Huttner B. Special considerations of antibiotic prescription in the geriatric population. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015 Jan;21(1):3-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.08.018
Beers MH. Explicit criteria for determining potentially inappropriate medication use by the elderly. An update. Arch Intern Med. 1997 Jul;157(14):1531-6. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.1997.00440350031003
Beers MH, Ouslander JG, Rollingher I, Reuben DB, Brooks J, Beck JC. Explicit criteria for determining inappropriate medication use in nursing home residents. UCLA Division of Geriatric Medicine. Arch Intern Med. 1991 Sep;151(9):1825-32. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.1991.00400090107019
Beijer HJ, de Blaey CJ. Hospitalisations caused by adverse drug reactions (ADR): a meta-analysis of observational studies. Pharm World Sci. 2002 Apr;24(2):46-54. DOI: 10.1023/A:1015570104121
Ben-Chetrit E, Rothstein N, Munter G. Ciprofloxacin-induced psychosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Aug;57(8):4079. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00672-13
Bolhuis MS, Panday PN, Pranger AD, Kosterink JG, Alffenaar JW. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of antimicrobial drugs: a systematic review on oxazolidinones, rifamycines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and Beta-lactams. Pharmaceutics. 2011 Nov 18;3(4):865-913. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3040865
Bolon M, Weber SG. General Principles of antimicrobial selection. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, Studenski S, High KP, Asthana A, editors. Hazzard's Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. 6th ed. New York, Chicago: Mc Craw Hill Medical; 2009. p. 1517-30.
Bolon M, Weber SG. General Principles of antimicrobial selection. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, Studenski S, High KP, Asthana A, editors. Hazzard's Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. 6th ed. New York, Chicago: Mc Craw Hill Medical; 2009. p. 1517-30.
Böhm K, Tesch-Römer C, Ziese T, editors. Gesundheit und Krankheit im Alter. Berlin: RKI; 2009. (Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes). Available from: https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Gesundheitsmonitoring/Gesundheitsberichterstattung/GBEDownloadsB/alter_gesundheit.html
Bruniera FR, Ferreira FM, Saviolli LR, Bacci MR, Feder D, da Luz Gonçalves Pedreira M, Sorgini Peterlini MA, Azzalis LA, Campos Junqueira VB, Fonseca FL. The use of vancomycin with its therapeutic and adverse effects: a review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015 Feb;19(4):694-700.
Clark DB, Andrus MR, Byrd DC. Drug interactions between linezolid and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: case report involving sertraline and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy. 2006 Feb;26(2):269-76. DOI: 10.1592/phco.26.2.269
Clark NP, Delate T, Riggs CS, Witt DM, Hylek EM, Garcia DA, Ageno W, Dentali F, Crowther MA; Warfarin-Associated Research Projects and Other Endeavors Consortium. Warfarin interactions with antibiotics in the ambulatory care setting. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Mar;174(3):409-16. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13957
Colantonio LD, Tanner RM, Warnock DG, Gutiérrez OM, Judd S, Muntner P, Bowling CB. The role of cystatin-C in the confirmation of reduced glomerular filtration rate among the oldest old. Arch Med Sci. 2016 Feb;12(1):55-67. DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.57580
Dormann H, Sonst A, Müller F, Vogler R, Patapovas A, Pfistermeister B, Plank-Kiegele B, Kirchner M, Hartmann N, Bürkle T, Maas R. Adverse drug events in older patients admitted as an emergency: the role of potentially inappropriate medication in elderly people (PRISCUS). Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013 Mar;110(13):213-9. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2013.0213
Etherton-Beer CD, Inglis T, Waterer G. Prevalence of oropharyngeal antibiotic-resistant flora among residents of aged care facilities: a pilot study. Respirology. 2015 Oct;20(7):1139-41. DOI: 10.1111/resp.12545
Ewig S, Höffken G, Kern WV, Rohde G, Flick H, Krause R, Ott S, Bauer T, Dalhoff K, Gatermann S, Kolditz M, Krüger S, Lorenz J, Pletz M, de Roux A, Schaaf B, Schaberg T, Schütte H, Welte T. Behandlung von erwachsenen Patienten mit ambulant erworbener Pneumonie und Prävention - Update 2016 [Management of Adult Community-acquired Pneumonia and Prevention - Update 2016]. Pneumologie. 2016 Mar;70(3):151-200. DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-101873
Ferraro S, Pasqualetti S, Carnevale A, Panteghini M. Cystatin C provides a better estimate of the effect of glomerular filtration rate on serum human epididymis protein 4 concentrations. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2016 Oct;54(10):1629-34. DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2015-1272
Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, Waller JL, Maclean JR, Beers MH. Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Dec 8-22;163(22):2716-24. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.163.22.2716
Frommeyer G, Fischer C, Lange PS, Leitz P, Fehr M, Bogossian H, Milberg P, Eckardt L. Divergent electrophysiologic profile of fluconazole and voriconazole in an experimental whole-heart model of proarrhythmia. Eur J Pharmacol. 2016 Apr;776:185-90. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.02.051
Girndt M, Trocchi P, Scheidt-Nave C, Markau S, Stang A. The Prevalence of Renal Failure. Results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults, 2008-2011 (DEGS1). Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016 Feb;113(6):85-91. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2016.0085
Glaeske G, Trittin C, editors. Weichenstellung: Altern in unserer Gesellschaft. Neue Herausforderungen für das Gesundheitswesen. [Beiträge des 2. Medizinkongresses der Gmünder ErsatzKasse GEK und des Zentrums für Sozialpolitik der Universität Bremen 2007]. St.-Augustin: Asgard; 2008. (GEK-Edition Schriftenreihe zur Gesundheitsanalyse; 62). DOI: 10.4126/FRL01-006401684
Glaeske G, Janhsen K. GEK Arzneimittelreport. Asgard: St Augustin; 2005. (Schriftenreihe zur Gesundheitsanalyse; 36). Available from: https://www.barmer.de/blob/38794/69caad9cdc56978154af12bdac7aa874/data/pdf-arzneimittel-report-2005.pdf
Gordon D, Young LR, Reddy S, Bergman C, Young JD. Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in patients receiving high-risk antibiotics with or without a proton pump inhibitor. J Hosp Infect. 2016 Feb;92(2):173-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.10.009
Hajjar ER, Cafiero AC, Hanlon JT. Polypharmacy in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2007 Dec;5(4):345-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2007.12.002
Hanke F, Szymanski J, Jaehde U, Thürmann PA. Drug-related problems in nursing homes - a prospective study [Abstract 8th Annual Congress of Clinical Pharmacology]. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;44(10):500.
Hepper HJ, Sieber C, Cornel S, Walger P, Peter W, Bahrmann P, Philipp B, Singler K, Katrin S. Infections in the elderly. Crit Care Clin. 2013 Jul;29(3):757-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2013.03.016
Holt S, Thürmann PA. Erstellung einer Liste potentiell inadäquater Medikation für ältere multimorbide Patienten. In: 7. Deutscher Kongress für Versorgungsforschung des Deutschen Netzwerks für Versorgungsforschung. Köln, 16.-18.10.2008. Düsseldorf: German Medical Science GMS Publishing House; 2008. DocP6.9. Available from: http://www.egms.de/de/meetings/dkvf2008/08dkvf182.shtml
Holt S, Schmiedl S, Thürmann PA. Potentially inappropriate medications in the elderly: the PRISCUS list. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010 Aug;107(31-32):543-51. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2010.0543
Hortmann M, Singler K, Geier F, Christ M. Erkennen von Infektionen beim älteren Notfallpatienten [Recognition of infections in elderly emergency patients]. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2015 Oct;48(7):601-7. DOI: 10.1007/s00391-015-0903-2
Kaufman DW, Kelly JP, Rosenberg L, Anderson TE, Mitchell AA. Recent patterns of medication use in the ambulatory adult population of the United States: the Slone survey. JAMA. 2002 Jan;287(3):337-44. DOI: 10.1001/jama.287.3.337
Kelly JP, Kaufman DW, Kelley K, Rosenberg L, Anderson TE, Mitchell AA. Recent trends in use of herbal and other natural products. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Feb;165(3):281-6. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.165.3.281
Kollef MH, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser VJ. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest. 1999 Feb;115(2):462-74. DOI: 10.1378/chest.115.2.462
Lally L, Mannion L. The potential for antimicrobials to adversely affect mental state. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Jul 5;2013. pii: bcr2013009659. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-009659
Lane MA, Zeringue A, McDonald JR. Serious bleeding events due to warfarin and antibiotic co-prescription in a cohort of veterans. Am J Med. 2014 Jul;127(7):657-63.e2. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.01.044
Laroche ML, Charmes JP, Merle L. Potentially inappropriate medications in the elderly: a French consensus panel list. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Aug;63(8):725-31. DOI: 10.1007/s00228-007-0324-2
Levy DG, Stergachis A, McFarland LV, Van Vorst K, Graham DJ, Johnson ES, Park BJ, Shatin D, Clouse JC, Elmer GW. Antibiotics and Clostridium difficile diarrhea in the ambulatory care setting. Clin Ther. 2000 Jan;22(1):91-102. DOI: 10.1016/S0149-2918(00)87980-1
Lippi G, Favaloro EJ, Mattiuzzi C. Combined administration of antibiotics and direct oral anticoagulants: a renewed indication for laboratory monitoring? Semin Thromb Hemost. 2014 Oct;40(7):756-65. DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1381233
Lorenz RA, Vandenberg AM, Canepa EA. Serotonergic antidepressants and linezolid: a retrospective chart review and presentation of cases. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2008;38(1):81-90. DOI: 10.2190/PM.38.1.h
Mattappalil A, Mergenhagen KA. Neurotoxicity with antimicrobials in the elderly: a review. Clin Ther. 2014 Nov;36(11):1489-511.e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.09.020
Mayer KU, Baltes PB, editors. Die Berliner Altersstudie. Berlin: Akademie Verlag; 1996.
McLeod PJ, Huang AR, Tamblyn RM, Gayton DC. Defining inappropriate practices in prescribing for elderly people: a national consensus panel. CMAJ. 1997 Feb;156(3):385-91.
Min L, Galecki A, Mody L. Functional disability and nursing resource use are predictive of antimicrobial resistance in nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Apr;63(4):659-66. DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13353
Mörike K, Schwab M, Klotz U. Use of aminoglycosides in elderly patients. Pharmacokinetic and clinical considerations. Drugs Aging. 1997 Apr;10(4):259-77. DOI: 10.2165/00002512-199710040-00003
Nahin RL, Fitzpatrick AL, Williamson JD, Burke GL, Dekosky ST, Furberg C; GEM Study Investigators. Use of herbal medicine and other dietary supplements in community-dwelling older people: Baseline data from the ginkgo evaluation of memory study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 Nov;54(11):1725-35. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00942.x
Nash DB, Koenig JB, Chatterton ML. Why the elderly need individualized phermaceutical care. Philadelphia: Office of Health Policy and Clinical Outcomes / Thomas Jefferson University, April 2000. Available from: https://www.npcnow.org/system/files/research/download/Why-the-Elderly-Need-Individualized-Pharmaceutical-Care.pdf
Niedrig D, Maechler S, Hoppe L, Corti N, Kovari H, Russmann S. Drug safety of macrolide and quinolone antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital: administration of interacting co-medication and QT prolongation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2016 Jul;72(7):859-67. DOI: 10.1007/s00228-016-2043-z
Niwa T, Morimoto M, Hirai T, Hata T, Hayashi M, Imagawa Y. Effect of penicillin-based antibiotics, amoxicillin, ampicillin, and piperacillin, on drug-metabolizing activities of human hepatic cytochromes P450. J Toxicol Sci. 2016 Feb;41(1):143-6. DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.143
Nordheim J, Maaz A, Winter MHJ, Kuhlmey A, Hofmann W. Vielnutzung von Krankenversicherungsleistungen im Alter - eine Analyse von Krankenhaus- und Arzneimitteldaten. Z Evid Fortb Qual Gesundheitswesen. 2006;100(8):609-15.
Norman DC. Fever in the elderly. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Jul;31(1):148-51. DOI: 10.1086/313896
Ostrowsky B, Ruiz R, Brown S, Chung P, Koppelman E, van Deusen Lukas C, Guo Y, Jalon H, Sumer Z, Araujo C, Sirtalan I, Brown C, Riska P, Currie B. Lessons learned from implementing Clostridium difficile-focused antibiotic stewardship interventions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014 Oct;35 Suppl 3:S86-95. DOI: 10.1086/677828
Paffrath U, Schwabe D, editors. Arzneiverordnungsreport (AVR). Berlin: Springer Verlag; 2005.
Paparella M, Martina V, Rizzo MA, Gallieni M. What every doctor should know about drug safety in patients with chronic kidney disease. Contrib Nephrol. 2015;184:24-50. DOI: 10.1159/000365821
Pirmohamed M, James S, Meakin S, Green C, Scott AK, Walley TJ, Farrar K, Park BK, Breckenridge AM. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. BMJ. 2004 Jul;329(7456):15-9. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.329.7456.15
Rochon PA, Lane CJ, Bronskill SE, Sykora K, Anderson GM, Mamdani MM, Gurwitz JH, Dhalla IA. Potentially inappropriate prescribing in Canada relative to the US. Drugs Aging. 2004;21(14):939-47. DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200421140-00004
Rossio R, Franchi C, Ardoino I, Djade CD, Tettamanti M, Pasina L, Salerno F, Marengoni A, Corrao S, Marcucci M, Peyvandi F, Biganzoli EM, Nobili A, Mannucci PM; REPOSI Investigators. Adherence to antibiotic treatment guidelines and outcomes in the hospitalized elderly with different types of pneumonia. Eur J Intern Med. 2015 Jun;26(5):330-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2015.04.002
Sakai Y, Naito T, Arima C, Miura M, Qin L, Hidaka H, Masunaga K, Kakuma T, Watanabe H. Potential drug interaction between warfarin and linezolid. Intern Med. 2015;54(5):459-64. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.3146
Serio RN. Acute delirium associated with combined diphenhydramine and linezolid use. Ann Pharmacother. 2004 Jan;38(1):62-5. DOI: 10.1345/aph.1D018
Shields RK, Martello JL, Potoski BA. Is vancomycin ototoxicity a significant risk? Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Oct;53(10):4572; author reply 4572-3. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00537-09
Simonetti AF, Viasus D, Garcia-Vidal C, Carratalà J. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2014 Feb;2(1):3-16. DOI: 10.1177/2049936113518041
Singler K, Heppner HJ. Besonderheiten des älteren Notfallpatienten. Notfall Rettungsmed. 2012;15(3):255-64. DOI: 10.1007/s10049-012-1591-8
Stenqvist C, Madsen CM, Riis T, Jørgensen HL, Duus BR, Lauritzen JB, van der Mark S. Orthogeriatric Service Reduces Mortality in Patients With Hip Fracture. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. 2016 Jun;7(2):67-73. DOI: 10.1177/2151458515625296
Sternbach H. The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1991 Jun;148(6):705-13. DOI: 10.1176/ajp.148.6.705
Tesch-Römer C, Engstler H, Wurm S. Altwerden in Deutschland. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften; 2006. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-531-90138-1
Tholakanahalli VN, Potti A, Hanley JF, Merliss AD. Fluconazole-induced torsade de pointes. Ann Pharmacother. 2001 Apr;35(4):432-4. DOI: 10.1345/aph.10210
Thomas JA, Burns RA. Important drug-nutrient interactions in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 1998 Sep;13(3):199-209. DOI: 10.2165/00002512-199813030-00003
Thürmann PA, Werner U, Hanke F, Schmiedl S, Drewelow B, Hippius M, et al. Arzneimittelrisiken bei hochbetagten Patienten: Ergebnisse deutscher Studien. In: 31 Interdisziplinäres Forum der Bundesärztekammer "Fortschritt und Fortbildung in der Medizin"; 2007 Jan 11-13; Berlin. Cologne: Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag; 2007. p. 216-24.
Veehof LJ, Stewart RE, Meyboom-de Jong B, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM. Adverse drug reactions and polypharmacy in the elderly in general practice. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Sep;55(7):533-6. DOI: 10.1007/s002280050669
Wiggins J, Patel SR. Changes in Kidney Function. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, Studenski S, High KP, Asthana A, editors. Hazzard's Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. 6th ed. New York, Chicago: Mc Craw Hill Medical; 2009. p. 1009-15.
Zhan C, Sangl J, Bierman AS, Miller MR, Friedman B, Wickizer SW, Meyer GS. Potentially inappropriate medication use in the community-dwelling elderly: findings from the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. JAMA. 2001 Dec 12;286(22):2823-9. DOI: 10.1001/jama.286.22.2823 -
17Conference
المؤلفون: Keller, J, Heppner, HJ, Durwen, HF
المصدر: Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin ; 17. Dreiländertagung – der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin e.V. (DGEM) – der Österreichischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Klinische Ernährung (AKE) – der Gesellschaft für Klinische Ernährung der Schweiz (GESKES) – Jahrestagung 2018 des BerufsVerbandes Oecotrophologie e.V. (VDOE) – 19. Jahrestagung des Bundesverbandes Deutscher Ernährungsmediziner e.V. (BDEM) ; ISSN 1438-9916
-
18
المؤلفون: H.J. Kock, Fabry W, W. Vahlensieck, Heppner Hj, C. Reimer
المصدر: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research. 12
مصطلحات موضوعية: medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.diagnostic_test, medicine.drug_class, business.industry, Antibiotics, Polyhexanide, General Medicine, Antimicrobial, Wound infection, Surgery, chemistry.chemical_compound, Antiseptic, chemistry, Wound management, Wound dressing, medicine, Laparoscopy, business
-
19
المؤلفون: Heppner Hj, Franke S, Esslinger As
المصدر: Das Gesundheitswesen. 69:11-17
مصطلحات موضوعية: Gerontology, Population ageing, medicine.medical_specialty, Public economics, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Rationing, Age dependent, Health economy, Matter of fact, language.human_language, German, Health care, language, medicine, business
-
20Electronic Resource
Additional Titles: S3-Leitlinie Analgesie, Sedierung und Delirmanagement in der Intensivmedizin. Revision 2015 (DAS-Leitlinie 2015) - Kurzversion
المؤلفون: Baron, R, Binder, A, Biniek, R, Braune, S, Buerkle, H, Dall, P, Demirakca, S, Eckardt, R, Eggers, V, Eichler, I, Fietze, I, Freys, S, Fründ, A, Garten, L, Gohrbandt, B, Harth, I, Hartl, W, Heppner, HJ, Horter, J, Huth, R, Janssens, U, Jungk, C, Kaeuper, KM, Kessler, P, Kleinschmidt, S, Kochanek, M, Kumpf, M, Meiser, A, Mueller, A, Orth, M, Putensen, C, Roth, B, Schaefer, M, Schaefers, R, Schellongowski, P, Schindler, M, Schmitt, R, Scholz, J, Schroeder, S, Schwarzmann, G, Spies, C, Stingele, R, Tonner, P, Trieschmann, U, Tryba, M, Wappler, F, Waydhas, C, Weiss, B, Weisshaar, G, DAS-Taskforce 2015
المصدر: GMS German Medical Science; VOL: 13; DOC19 /20151112/
مصطلحات الفهرس: guideline, evidence, analgesia, sedation, delirium, anxiety, stress, sleep, monitoring, treatment, intensive care, critical care, Germany, Leitlinie, Analgesie, Sedierung, Delir, Angst, Stress, Schlaf, Monitoring, Therapie, Intensivmedizin, ddc: 610, article
URL:
http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0183-0002238 http://www.egms.de/en/journals/gms/2015-13/000223.shtml
Ahmed S, Leurent B, Sampson EL. Risk factors for incident delirium among older people in acute hospital medical units: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2014 May;43(3):326-33. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afu022
Aizawa K, Kanai T, Saikawa Y, Takabayashi T, Kawano Y, Miyazawa N, Yamamoto T. A novel approach to the prevention of postoperative delirium in the elderly after gastrointestinal surgery. Surg Today. 2002;32(4):310-4. DOI: 10.1007/s005950200044
Al-Qadheeb NS, Balk EM, Fraser GL, Skrobik Y, Riker RR, Kress JP, Whitehead S, Devlin JW. Randomized ICU trials do not demonstrate an association between interventions that reduce delirium duration and short-term mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2014 Jun;42(6):1442-54. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000224
Albani A, Addamo P, Renghi A, Voltolin G, Peano L, Ivani G. Influenza sulla frequenza di allattamento al seno delle tecniche di anestesia regionale nel parto cesareo e nel parto per via vaginale [The effect on breastfeeding rate of regional anesthesia technique for cesarean and vaginal childbirth]. Minerva Anestesiol. 1999 Sep;65(9):625-30.
Arabi Y, Haddad S, Hawes R, Moore T, Pillay M, Naidu B, Issa A, Yeni B, Grant C, Alshimemeri A. Changing sedation practices in the intensive care unit--protocol implementation, multifaceted multidisciplinary approach and teamwork. Middle East J Anaesthesiol. 2007 Jun;19(2):429-47.
Arbour R. Continuous nervous system monitoring, EEG, the bispectral index, and neuromuscular transmission. AACN Clin Issues. 2003 May;14(2):185-207. DOI: 10.1097/00044067-200305000-00009
Arias-Rivera S, Sánchez-Sánchez Mdel M, Santos-Díaz R, Gallardo-Murillo J, Sánchez-Izquierdo R, Frutos-Vivar F, Ferguson ND, Esteban A. Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on weaning outcome. Crit Care Med. 2008 Jul;36(7):2054-60. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817bfd60
Asmussen S, Maybauer DM, Fraser JF, Jennings K, George S, Maybauer MO. A meta-analysis of analgesic and sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in burn patients. Burns. 2013 Jun;39(4):625-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.01.008
Awissi DK, Bégin C, Moisan J, Lachaine J, Skrobik Y. I-SAVE study: impact of sedation, analgesia, and delirium protocols evaluated in the intensive care unit: an economic evaluation. Ann Pharmacother. 2012 Jan;46(1):21-8. DOI: 10.1345/aph.1Q284
Bagley SM, Wachman EM, Holland E, Brogly SB. Review of the assessment and management of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2014;9(1):19. DOI: 10.1186/1940-0640-9-19
Bainbridge D, Martin JE, Cheng DC. Patient-controlled versus nurse-controlled analgesia after cardiac surgery--a meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2006 May;53(5):492-9. DOI: 10.1007/BF03022623
Balas MC, Happ MB, Yang W, Chelluri L, Richmond T. Outcomes Associated With Delirium in Older Patients in Surgical ICUs. Chest. 2009 Jan;135(1):18-25. DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-1456
Balas MC, Deutschman CS, Sullivan-Marx EM, Strumpf NE, Alston RP, Richmond TS. Delirium in older patients in surgical intensive care units. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2007;39(2):147-54. DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2007.00160.x
Ballantyne JC, Carr DB, deFerranti S, Suarez T, Lau J, Chalmers TC, Angelillo IF, Mosteller F. The comparative effects of postoperative analgesic therapies on pulmonary outcome: cumulative meta-analyses of randomized, controlled trials. Anesth Analg. 1998 Mar;86(3):598-612.
Balzer F, Weiß B, Kumpf O, Treskatsch S, Spies C, Wernecke KD, Krannich A, Kastrup M. Early deep sedation is associated with decreased in-hospital and two-year follow-up survival. Crit Care. 2015;19:197. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-0929-2
Bar-Oz B, Bulkowstein M, Benyamini L, Greenberg R, Soriano I, Zimmerman D, Bortnik O, Berkovitch M. Use of antibiotic and analgesic drugs during lactation. Drug Saf. 2003;26(13):925-35. DOI: 10.2165/00002018-200326130-00002
Barr J, Zomorodi K, Bertaccini EJ, Shafer SL, Geller E. A double-blind, randomized comparison of i.v. lorazepam versus midazolam for sedation of ICU patients via a pharmacologic model. Anesthesiology. 2001 Aug;95(2):286-98. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200108000-00007
Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K, Ely EW, Gélinas C, Dasta JF, Davidson JE, Devlin JW, Kress JP, Joffe AM, Coursin DB, Herr DL, Tung A, Robinson BR, Fontaine DK, Ramsay MA, Riker RR, Sessler CN, Pun B, Skrobik Y, Jaeschke R; American College of Critical Care Medicine. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2013 Jan;41(1):263-306. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182783b72
Barry WS, Meinzinger MM, Howse CR. Ibuprofen overdose and exposure in utero: results from a postmarketing voluntary reporting system. Am J Med. 1984 Jul 13;77(1A):35-9. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9343(84)80016-9
Basler HD, Huger D, Kunz R, Luckmann J, Lukas A, Nikolaus T, Schuler MS. Beurteilung von Schmerz bei Demenz (BESD). Untersuchung zur Validitaet eines Verfahrens zur Beobachtung des Schmerzverhaltens [Assessment of pain in advanced dementia. Construct validity of the German PAINAD]. Schmerz. 2006 Nov;20(6):519-26. DOI: 10.1007/s00482-006-0490-7
Bauer C, Kreuer S, Ketter R, Grundmann U, Wilhelm W.Remifentanil-Propofol- versus Fentanyl-Midazolam-Kombination bei intrakraniellen Eingriffen: Einfluss von Anästhesietechnik und Intensivanalgosedierung auf Beatmungszeiten und Dauer des Intensivaufenthalts [Remifentanil-propofol versus fentanyl-midazolam combinations for intracranial surgery: influence of anaesthesia technique and intensive sedation on ventilation times and duration of stay in the ICU]. Anaesthesist. 2007 Feb;56(2):128-32. DOI: 10.1007/s00101-006-1130-4
Bayat A, Ramaiah R, Bhananker SM. Analgesia and sedation for children undergoing burn wound care. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010 Nov;10(11):1747-59. DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.158
Bedi A, Murray JM, Dingley J, Stevenson MA, Fee JP. Use of xenon as a sedative for patients receiving critical care. Crit Care Med. 2003 Oct;31(10):2470-7. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000089934.66049.76
Bein T. Lagerungstherapie zur Prophylaxe oder therapie von pulmonalen Funktionsstörungen. S2e-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin (DGAI). Anästh Intensivmed. 2008;49(Suppl 1):S1-24.
Bell RF, Dahl JB, Moore RA, Kalso E. Perioperative ketamine for acute postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jan 25;(1):CD004603. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;7:CD004603. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004603.pub2
Bellù R, de Waal KA, Zanini R. Opioids for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD004212. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004212.pub3
Block BM, Liu SS, Rowlingson AJ, Cowan AR, Cowan JA Jr, Wu CL. Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2003 Nov;290(18):2455-63. DOI: 10.1001/jama.290.18.2455
Bourgoin A, Albanèse J, Wereszczynski N, Charbit M, Vialet R, Martin C. Safety of sedation with ketamine in severe head injury patients: comparison with sufentanil. Crit Care Med. 2003 Mar;31(3):711-7. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000044505.24727.16
Brattebo G, Hofoss D, Flaatten H, Muri AK, Gjerde S, Plsek PE. Effect of a scoring system and protocol for sedation on duration of patients' need for ventilator support in a surgical intensive care unit. BMJ. 2002 Jun;324(7350):1386-9. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.324.7350.1386
Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, McConnell Hammond FF, Harris OA, Hartl R, Manley GT, Nemecek A, Newell DW, Rosenthal G, Schouten J, Shutter L, Timmons SD, Ullman JS, Videtta W, Wilberger JE, Wright DW. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. XV. Steroids. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24 Suppl 1:S91-5. DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.9981
Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, McConnell Hammond FF, Harris OA, Hartl R, Manley GT, Nemecek A, Newell DW, Rosenthal G, Schouten J, Shutter L, Timmons SD, Ullman JS, Videtta W, Wilberger JE, Wright DW. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. XI. Anesthetics, analgesics, and sedatives. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24 Suppl 1:S71-6. DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.9985
Breau LM, McGrath PJ, Stevens B, Beyene J, Camfield C, Finley GA, Franck L, Gibbins S, Howlett A, McKeever P, O'Brien K, Ohlsson A. Judgments of pain in the neonatal intensive care setting: a survey of direct care staffs' perceptions of pain in infants at risk for neurological impairment. Clin J Pain. 2006 Feb;22(2):122-9.
Breau LM, McGrath PJ, Camfield CS, Finley GA. Psychometric properties of the non-communicating children's pain checklist-revised. Pain. 2002 Sep;99(1-2):349-57. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00179-3
Briggs GG. Medication use during the perinatal period. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1998 Nov-Dec;38(6):717-26; quiz 726-7.
Brodner G, Mertes N, Buerkle H, Marcus MA, Van Aken H. Acute pain management: analysis, implications and consequences after prospective experience with 6349 surgical patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2000 Sep;17(9):566-75. DOI: 10.1097/00003643-200009000-00005
Brook AD, Ahrens TS, Schaiff R, Prentice D, Sherman G, Shannon W, Kollef MH. Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 1999 Dec;27(12):2609-15. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199912000-00001
Brown RL, Henke A, Greenhalgh DG, Warden GD. The use of haloperidol in the agitated, critically ill pediatric patient with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1996 Jan-Feb;17(1):34-8. DOI: 10.1097/00004630-199601000-00009
Bruder EA, Ball IM, Ridi S, Pickett W, Hohl C. Single induction dose of etomidate versus other induction agents for endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 8;1:CD010225. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010225.pub2
Brull R, McCartney CJ, Chan VW, El-Beheiry H. Neurological complications after regional anesthesia: contemporary estimates of risk. Anesth Analg. 2007 Apr;104(4):965-74. DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000258740.17193.ec
Brusseau R, McCann ME. Anaesthesia for urgent and emergency surgery. Early Hum Dev. 2010 Nov;86(11):703-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.08.008
Bucknall TK, Manias E, Presneill JJ. A randomized trial of protocol-directed sedation management for mechanical ventilation in an Australian intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2008 May;36(5):1444-50. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318168f82d
Bundesärztekammer. Grundsätze zur ärztlichen Sterbebegleitung. Deutsches Ärzteblatt. 1998;95(39):A-2366-67. Available from: http://www.aerzteblatt.de/pdf.asp?id=13330
Burns SM, Earven S, Fisher C, Lewis R, Merrell P, Schubart JR, Truwit JD, Bleck TP; University of Virginia Long Term Mechanical Ventilation Team. Implementation of an institutional program to improve clinical and financial outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients: one-year outcomes and lessons learned. Crit Care Med. 2003 Dec;31(12):2752-63. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000094217.07170.75
Burry L, Rose L, McCullagh IJ, Fergusson DA, Ferguson ND, Mehta S. Daily sedation interruption versus no daily sedation interruption for critically ill adult patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jul 9;7:CD009176. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009176.pub2
But AK, Erdil F, Yucel A, Gedik E, Durmus M, Ersoy MO. The effects of single-dose tramadol on post-operative pain and morphine requirements after coronary artery bypass surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2007 May;51(5):601-6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01275.x
Buttner W, Finke W, Hilleke M, Reckert S, Vsianska L, Brambrink A. Entwicklung eines Fremdbeobachtungsbogens zur Beurteilung des postoperativen Schmerzes bei Saeuglingen [Development of an observational scale for assessment of postoperative pain in infants]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 1998 Jun;33(6):353-61. DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-994263
Buttner W, Finke W. Analysis of behavioural and physiological parameters for the assessment of postoperative analgesic demand in newborns, infants and young children: a comprehensive report on seven consecutive studies. Paediatr Anaesth. 2000;10(3):303-18. DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2000.00530.x
Carlet J, Thijs LG, Antonelli M, Cassell J, Cox P, Hill N, Hinds C, Pimentel JM, Reinhart K, Thompson BT. Challenges in end-of-life care in the ICU. Statement of the 5th International Consensus Conference in Critical Care: Brussels, Belgium, April 2003. Intensive Care Med. 2004 May;30(5):770-84. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-004-2241-5
Carrer S, Bocchi A, Candini M, Donegà L, Tartari S. Short term analgesia based sedation in the Intensive Care Unit: morphine vs remifentanil + morphine. Minerva Anestesiol. 2007 Jun;73(6):327-32.
Casey E, Lane A, Kuriakose D, McGeary S, Hayes N, Phelan D, Buggy D. Bolus remifentanil for chest drain removal in ICU: a randomized double-blind comparison of three modes of analgesia in post-cardiac surgical patients. Intensive Care Med. 2010 Aug;36(8):1380-5. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-010-1836-2
Chanques G, Jaber S, Barbotte E, Violet S, Sebbane M, Perrigault PF, Mann C, Lefrant JY, Eledjam JJ. Impact of systematic evaluation of pain and agitation in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2006 Jun;34(6):1691-9. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000218416.62457.56
Chew ML, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG. Serum anticholinergic activity and cognition in patients with moderate-to-severe dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;13(6):535-8. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.6.535
Chlan LL, Weinert CR, Heiderscheit A, Tracy MF, Skaar DJ, Guttormson JL, Savik K. Effects of patient-directed music intervention on anxiety and sedative exposure in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013 Jun;309(22):2335-44. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.5670
Cignacco E, Hamers JP, Stoffel L, van Lingen RA, Gessler P, McDougall J, Nelle M. The efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions in the management of procedural pain in preterm and term neonates. A systematic literature review. Eur J Pain. 2007 Feb;11(2):139-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.02.010
Citerio G, Cormio M. Sedation in neurointensive care: advances in understanding and practice. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2003 Apr;9(2):120-6. DOI: 10.1097/00075198-200304000-00007
Cohen J, Royston D. Remifentanil. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2001 Aug;7(4):227-31. DOI: 10.1097/00075198-200108000-00003
Cohen L, Athaide V, Wickham ME, Doyle-Waters MM, Rose NG, Hohl CM. The effect of ketamine on intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressure and health outcomes: a systematic review. Ann Emerg Med. 2015 Jan;65(1):43-51.e2. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.06.018
Colombo R, Corona A, Praga F, Minari C, Giannotti C, Castelli A, Raimondi F. A reorientation strategy for reducing delirium in the critically ill. Results of an interventional study. Minerva Anestesiol. 2012 Sep;78(9):1026-33.
Colwell C, Clark L, Perkins R. Postoperative use of pediatric pain scales: children's self-report versus nurse assessment of pain intensity and affect. J Pediatr Nurs. 1996 Dec;11(6):375-82. DOI: 10.1016/S0882-5963(96)80082-0
Cotton BA, Guillamondegui OD, Fleming SB, Carpenter RO, Patel SH, Morris JA Jr, Arbogast PG. Increased risk of adrenal insufficiency following etomidate exposure in critically injured patients. Arch Surg. 2008 Jan;143(1):62-7; discussion 67. DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.143.1.62
Cuignet O, Pirson J, Soudon O, Zizi M. Effects of gabapentin on morphine consumption and pain in severely burned patients. Burns. 2007 Feb;33(1):81-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.04.020
Dale CR, Bryson CL, Fan VS, Maynard C, Yanez ND 3rd, Treggiari MM. A greater analgesia, sedation, delirium order set quality score is associated with a decreased duration of mechanical ventilation in cardiovascular surgery patients. Crit Care Med. 2013 Nov;41(11):2610-7. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31829a6ee7
Davidson AJ. Anesthesia and neurotoxicity to the developing brain: the clinical relevance. Paediatr Anaesth. 2011 Jul;21(7):716-21. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2010.03506.x
Deindl P, Unterasinger L, Kappler G, Werther T, Czaba C, Giordano V, Frantal S, Berger A, Pollak A, Olischar M. Successful implementation of a neonatal pain and sedation protocol at 2 NICUs. Pediatrics. 2013 Jul;132(1):e211-8. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-2346
Del Sorbo L, Pisani L, Filippini C, Fanelli V, Fasano L, Terragni P, Dell'Amore A, Urbino R, Mascia L, Evangelista A, Antro C, D'Amato R, Sucre MJ, Simonetti U, Persico P, Nava S, Ranieri VM. Extracorporeal Co2 removal in hypercapnic patients at risk of noninvasive ventilation failure: a matched cohort study with historical control. Crit Care Med. 2015 Jan;43(1):120-7. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000607
Desai C, Wood FM, Schug SA, Parsons RW, Fridlender C, Sunderland VB. Effectiveness of a topical local anaesthetic spray as analgesia for dressing changes: a double-blinded randomised pilot trial comparing an emulsion with an aqueous lidocaine formulation. Burns. 2014 Feb;40(1):106-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.05.013
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin. Leitlinie zu Grenzen der intensivmedizinischen Behandlungspflicht. Anästh Intensivmed. 1999;40:92-4.
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma/Schwerverletzten-Behandlung. AWMF; 2011. AWMF-Register Nr.012/019. Available from: http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/012-019.html
Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Schmerztherapie. S3-Leitlinie zur Behandlung akuter perioperativer und posttraumatischer Schmerzen. Stand: 21.05.2007 inkl. Änderungen vom 20. 04. 2009 [Internet]. AWMF; 2009. Available from: http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/001-025.html
Dieye E, Minville V, Asehnoune K, Conil C, Georges B, Cougot P, Fourcade O, Conil JM. Pharmacodynamics of cisatracurium in the intensive care unit: an observational study. Ann Intensive Care. 2014;4(1):3. DOI: 10.1186/2110-5820-4-3
DuBose JJ, Inaba K, Shiflett A, Trankiem C, Teixeira PG, Salim A, Rhee P, Demetriades D, Belzberg H. Measurable outcomes of quality improvement in the trauma intensive care unit: the impact of a daily quality rounding checklist. J Trauma. 2008 Jan;64(1):22-7; discussion 27-9. DOI: 10.1097/TA.0b013e318161b0c8
Dunn MJ, Gwinnutt CL, Gray AJ. Critical care in the emergency department: patient transfer. Emerg Med J. 2007 Jan;24(1):40-4. DOI: 10.1136/emj.2006.042044
de Wildt SN, de Hoog M, Vinks AA, Joosten KF, van Dijk M, van den Anker JN. Pharmacodynamics of midazolam in pediatric intensive care patients. Ther Drug Monit. 2005 Feb;27(1):98-102. DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200502000-00018
Edrich T, Friedrich AD, Eltzschig HK, Felbinger TW. Ketamine for long-term sedation and analgesia of a burn patient. Anesth Analg. 2004 Sep;99(3):893-5, table of contents. DOI: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000133002.42742.92
Eisenberg HM, Frankowski RF, Contant CF, Marshall LF, Walker MD. High-dose barbiturate control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 1988 Jul;69(1):15-23. DOI: 10.3171/jns.1988.69.1.0015
Ely EW, Girard TD, Shintani AK, Jackson JC, Gordon SM, Thomason JW, Pun BT, Canonico AE, Light RW, Pandharipande P, Laskowitz DT. Apolipoprotein E4 polymorphism as a genetic predisposition to delirium in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2007 Jan;35(1):112-7. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000251925.18961.CA
Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A, Thomason JW, Wheeler AP, Gordon S, Francis J, Speroff T, Gautam S, Margolin R, Sessler CN, Dittus RS, Bernard GR. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA. 2003 Jun;289(22):2983-91. DOI: 10.1001/jama.289.22.2983
Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, Speroff T, Gordon SM, Harrell FE Jr, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Dittus RS. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2004 Apr;291(14):1753-62. DOI: 10.1001/jama.291.14.1753
Ely EW, Baker AM, Dunagan DP, Burke HL, Smith AC, Kelly PT, Johnson MM, Browder RW, Bowton DL, Haponik EF. Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N Engl J Med. 1996 Dec;335(25):1864-9. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199612193352502
Fagin A, Palmieri T, Greenhalgh D, Sen S. A comparison of dexmedetomidine and midazolam for sedation in severe pediatric burn injury. J Burn Care Res. 2012 Nov-Dec;33(6):759-63. DOI: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e318254d48e
Farrington EA, McGuinness GA, Johnson GF, Erenberg A, Leff RD. Continuous intravenous morphine infusion in postoperative newborn infants. Am J Perinatol. 1993 Jan;10(1):84-7. DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-994711
Field T, Peck M, Krugman S, Tuchel T, Schanberg S, Kuhn C, Burman I. Burn injuries benefit from massage therapy. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1998 May-Jun;19(3):241-4. DOI: 10.1097/00004630-199805000-00010
Franck LS, Harris SK, Soetenga DJ, Amling JK, Curley MA. The Withdrawal Assessment Tool-1 (WAT-1): an assessment instrument for monitoring opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms in pediatric patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2008 Nov;9(6):573-80. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e31818c8328
Fraser GL, Devlin JW, Worby CP, Alhazzani W, Barr J, Dasta JF, Kress JP, Davidson JE, Spencer FA. Benzodiazepine versus nonbenzodiazepine-based sedation for mechanically ventilated, critically ill adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med. 2013 Sep;41(9 Suppl 1):S30-8. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182a16898
Frenay MC, Faymonville ME, Devlieger S, Albert A, Vanderkelen A. Psychological approaches during dressing changes of burned patients: a prospective randomised study comparing hypnosis against stress reducing strategy. Burns. 2001 Dec;27(8):793-9. DOI: 10.1016/S0305-4179(01)00035-3
Friedman JI, Soleimani L, McGonigle DP, Egol C, Silverstein JH. Pharmacological treatments of non-substance-withdrawal delirium: a systematic review of prospective trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Feb;171(2):151-9. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13040458
Friesner SA, Curry DM, Moddeman GR. Comparison of two pain-management strategies during chest tube removal: relaxation exercise with opioids and opioids alone. Heart Lung. 2006 Jul-Aug;35(4):269-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2005.10.005
Fuehner T, Kuehn C, Hadem J, Wiesner O, Gottlieb J, Tudorache I, Olsson KM, Greer M, Sommer W, Welte T, Haverich A, Hoeper MM, Warnecke G. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in awake patients as bridge to lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Apr;185(7):763-8. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201109-1599OC
Gabor JY, Cooper AB, Crombach SA, Lee B, Kadikar N, Bettger HE, Hanly PJ. Contribution of the intensive care unit environment to sleep disruption in mechanically ventilated patients and healthy subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Mar;167(5):708-15. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2201090
Gaiser R. Neonatal effects of labor analgesia. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2002;40(4):49-65. DOI: 10.1097/00004311-200210000-00006
Gamberini M, Bolliger D, Lurati Buse GA, Burkhart CS, Grapow M, Gagneux A, Filipovic M, Seeberger MD, Pargger H, Siegemund M, Carrel T, Seiler WO, Berres M, Strebel SP, Monsch AU, Steiner LA. Rivastigmine for the prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery--a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2009 May;37(5):1762-8. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819da780
Giordano V, Deindl P, Kuttner S, Waldhör T, Berger A, Olischar M. The Neonatal Pain, Agitation and Sedation Scale reliably detected oversedation but failed to differentiate between other sedation levels. Acta Paediatr. 2014 Dec;103(12):e515-21. DOI: 10.1111/apa.12770
Girard F, Moumdjian R, Boudreault D, Chouinard P, Bouthilier A, Sauvageau E, Ruel M, Girard DC. The effect of propofol sedation on the intracranial pressure of patients with an intracranial space-occupying lesion. Anesth Analg. 2004 Aug;99(2):573-7, table of contents. DOI: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000133138.86133.38
Girard TD, Ely EW. Protocol-driven ventilator weaning: reviewing the evidence. Clin Chest Med. 2008 Jun;29(2):241-52, v. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2008.02.004
Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, Thomason JW, Schweickert WD, Pun BT, Taichman DB, Dunn JG, Pohlman AS, Kinniry PA, Jackson JC, Canonico AE, Light RW, Shintani AK, Thompson JL, Gordon SM, Hall JB, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008 Jan 12;371(9607):126-34. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60105-1
Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Carson SS, Schmidt GA, Wright PE, Canonico AE, Pun BT, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Meltzer HY, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW. MIND Trial Investigators. Feasibility, efficacy, and safety of antipsychotics for intensive care unit delirium: the MIND randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2010 Feb;38(2):428-37. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c58715
Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Ely EW. Delirium in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2008;12 Suppl 3:S3. DOI: 10.1186/cc6149
Girard TD, Jackson JC, Pandharipande PP, Pun BT, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Gordon SM, Canonico AE, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2010 Jul;38(7):1513-20. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e47be1
Gogarten W, Van Aken H, Büttner J, Riess H, Wulf H, Bürkle H. Rückenmarksnahe Regionalanästhesien und Thromboembolieprophylaxe/antithrombotische Medikation. Anästh Intensivmed. 2007;48 Suppl. 4:109-24.
Gogarten W, Buerkle H, Van Aken H. The quality of epidural anesthesia is crucial in the assessment of perioperative outcome. Anesth Analg. 2003 Jul;97(1):298.
Gupta K, Gupta VK, Jayashree M, Muralindharan J, Singhi S. Randomized controlled trial of interrupted versus continuous sedative infusions in ventilated children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2012 Mar;13(2):131-5. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e31820aba48
Gupta P, Whiteside W, Sabati A, Tesoro TM, Gossett JM, Tobias JD, Roth SJ. Safety and efficacy of prolonged dexmedetomidine use in critically ill children with heart disease*. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2012 Nov;13(6):660-6. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e318253c7f1
Halpern SH, Levine T, Wilson DB, MacDonell J, Katsiris SE, Leighton BL. Effect of labor analgesia on breastfeeding success. Birth. 1999 Jun;26(2):83-8. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-536x.1999.00083.x
Hanafy MA. Clinical evaluation of inhalational sedation following coronary artery bypass grafting. Egypt J Anaesth. 2005;21:237-42.
Harrison AM, Lugo RA, Lee WE, Appachi E, Bourdakos D, Davis SJ, McHugh MJ, Weise KL. The use of haloperidol in agitated critically ill children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2002 Jan-Feb;41(1):51-4. DOI: 10.1177/000992280204100111
Hartman ME, McCrory DC, Schulman SR. Efficacy of sedation regimens to facilitate mechanical ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit: a systematic review. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2009 Mar;10(2):246-55. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e31819a3bb9
Hatta K, Kishi Y, Wada K, Takeuchi T, Odawara T, Usui C, Nakamura H. DELIRIA-J Group. Preventive effects of ramelteon on delirium: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014 Apr;71(4):397-403. DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3320
Heegaard W, Fringer RC, Frascone RJ, Pippert G, Miner J. Bispectral index monitoring in helicopter emergency medical services patients. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009 Apr-Jun;13(2):193-7. DOI: 10.1080/10903120802706187
Hernandez-Reif M, Field T, Largie S, Hart S, Redzepi M, Nierenberg B, Peck TM. Childrens' distress during burn treatment is reduced by massage therapy. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2001 Mar-Apr;22(2):191-5.
Hernández-Gancedo C, Pestaña D, Peña N, Royo C, Pérez-Chrzanowska H, Criado A. Monitoring sedation in critically ill patients: bispectral index, Ramsay and observer scales. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2006 Aug;23(8):649-53. DOI: 10.1017/s0265021506000056
Herr KA, Mobily PR, Kohout FJ, Wagenaar D. Evaluation of the Faces Pain Scale for use with the elderly. Clin J Pain. 1998 Mar;14(1):29-38. DOI: 10.1097/00002508-199803000-00005
Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001 Aug;93(2):173-83. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1
Hildreth AN, Mejia VA, Maxwell RA, Smith PW, Dart BW, Barker DE. Adrenal suppression following a single dose of etomidate for rapid sequence induction: a prospective randomized study. J Trauma. 2008 Sep;65(3):573-9. DOI: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31818255e8
Hillman BA, Tabrizi MN, Gauda EB, Carson KA, Aucott SW. The Neonatal Pain, Agitation and Sedation Scale and the bedside nurse's assessment of neonates. J Perinatol. 2015 Feb;35(2):128-31. DOI: 10.1038/jp.2014.154
Ho KM, Ng JY. The use of propofol for medium and long-term sedation in critically ill adult patients: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2008 Nov;34(11):1969-79. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-008-1186-5
Hogarth DK, Hall J. Management of sedation in mechanically ventilated patients. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2004 Feb;10(1):40-6. DOI: 10.1097/00075198-200402000-00007
Hudcova J, McNicol E, Quah C, Lau J, Carr DB. Patient controlled opioid analgesia versus conventional opioid analgesia for postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD003348. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003348.pub2
Hummel P, van Dijk M. Pain assessment: current status and challenges. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006 Aug;11(4):237-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2006.02.004
Hummel P, Puchalski M, Creech SD, Weiss MG. Clinical reliability and validity of the N-PASS: neonatal pain, agitation and sedation scale with prolonged pain. J Perinatol. 2008 Jan;28(1):55-60. DOI: 10.1038/sj.jp.7211861
Humphries Y, Melson M, Gore D. Superiority of oral ketamine as an analgesic and sedative for wound care procedures in the pediatric patient with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1997 Jan-Feb;18(1 Pt 1):34-6. DOI: 10.1097/00004630-199701000-00006
Hunt A, Goldman A, Seers K, Crichton N, Mastroyannopoulou K, Moffat V, Oulton K, Brady M. Clinical validation of the paediatric pain profile. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004 Jan;46(1):9-18. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00428.x
Hünseler C, Balling G, Röhlig C, Blickheuser R, Trieschmann U, Lieser U, Dohna-Schwake C, Gebauer C, Möller O, Hering F, Hoehn T, Schubert S, Hentschel R, Huth RG, Müller A, Müller C, Wassmer G, Hahn M, Harnischmacher U, Behr J, Roth B. Clonidine Study Group. Continuous infusion of clonidine in ventilated newborns and infants: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2014 Jul;15(6):511-22. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000151
Ilkjaer S, Petersen KL, Brennum J, Wernberg M, Dahl JB. Effect of systemic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (ketamine) on primary and secondary hyperalgesia in humans. Br J Anaesth. 1996 Jun;76(6):829-34. DOI: 10.1093/bja/76.6.829
Inouye SK, Bogardus ST Jr, Charpentier PA, Leo-Summers L, Acampora D, Holford TR, Cooney LM Jr. A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N Engl J Med. 1999 Mar;340(9):669-76. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199903043400901
Inouye SK. A practical program for preventing delirium in hospitalized elderly patients. Cleve Clin J Med. 2004 Nov;71(11):890-6. DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.71.11.890
Ista E, van Dijk M, Tibboel D, de Hoog M. Assessment of sedation levels in pediatric intensive care patients can be improved by using the COMFORT "behavior" scale. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2005 Jan;6(1):58-63. DOI: 10.1097/01.PCC.0000149318.40279.1A
Ista E, van Dijk M, de Hoog M, Tibboel D, Duivenvoorden HJ. Construction of the Sophia Observation withdrawal Symptoms-scale (SOS) for critically ill children. Intensive Care Med. 2009 Jun;35(6):1075-81. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-009-1487-3
Istaphanous GK, Ward CG, Loepke AW. The impact of the perioperative period on neurocognitive development, with a focus on pharmacological concerns. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2010 Sep;24(3):433-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2010.02.013
Jakob SM, Ruokonen E, Grounds RM, Sarapohja T, Garratt C, Pocock SJ, Bratty JR, Takala J. Dexmedetomidine for Long-Term Sedation Investigators. Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam or propofol for sedation during prolonged mechanical ventilation: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2012 Mar;307(11):1151-60. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.304
Janssen NJ, Tan EY, Staal M, Janssen EP, Leroy PL, Lousberg R, van Os J, Schieveld JN. On the utility of diagnostic instruments for pediatric delirium in critical illness: an evaluation of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale, the Delirium Rating Scale 88, and the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised R-98. Intensive Care Med. 2011 Aug;37(8):1331-7. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-011-2244-y
Johansson M, Kokinsky E. The COMFORT behavioural scale and the modified FLACC scale in paediatric intensive care. Nurs Crit Care. 2009 May-Jun;14(3):122-30. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-5153.2009.00323.x
Jorgensen H, Wetterslev J, Møiniche S, Dahl JB. Epidural local anaesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens on postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, PONV and pain after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD001893. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001893
Karabinis A, Mandragos K, Stergiopoulos S, Komnos A, Soukup J, Speelberg B, Kirkham AJ. Safety and efficacy of analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil versus standard hypnotic-based regimens in intensive care unit patients with brain injuries: a randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN50308308]. Crit Care. 2004 Aug;8(4):R268-80. DOI: 10.1186/cc2896
Kastrup M, von Dossow V, Seeling M, Ahlborn R, Tamarkin A, Conroy P, Boemke W, Wernecke KD, Spies C. Key performance indicators in intensive care medicine. A retrospective matched cohort study. J Int Med Res. 2009 Sep-Oct;37(5):1267-84. DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700502
Khalifezadeh A, Safazadeh S, Mehrabi T, Mansour BA. Reviewing the effect of nursing interventions on delirious patients admitted to intensive care unit of neurosurgery ward in Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2011;16(1):106-12.
Kluge S, Braune SA, Engel M, Nierhaus A, Frings D, Ebelt H, Uhrig A, Metschke M, Wegscheider K, Suttorp N, Rousseau S. Avoiding invasive mechanical ventilation by extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal in patients failing noninvasive ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2012 Oct;38(10):1632-9. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-012-2649-2
Kolenda H, Gremmelt A, Rading S, Braun U, Markakis E. Ketamine for analgosedative therapy in intensive care treatment of head-injured patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1996;138(10):1193-9. Erratum in: Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1997;139(12):1193. DOI: 10.1007/BF01809750
Kong KL. Inhalational anesthetics in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin. 1995 Oct;11(4):887-902.
Kredel M, Bischof L, Wurmb TE, Roewer N, Muellenbach RM. Combination of positioning therapy and venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in ARDS patients. Perfusion. 2014 Mar;29(2):171-7. DOI: 10.1177/0267659113502834
Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O'Connor MF, Hall JB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2000 May;342(20):1471-7. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200005183422002
Lamas A, Lopez-Herce J. Monitoring sedation in the critically ill child. Anaesthesia. 2010 May;65(5):516-24. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06263.x
Lauer KK, Connolly LA, Schmeling WT. Opioid sedation does not alter intracranial pressure in head injured patients. Can J Anaesth. 1997 Sep;44(9):929-33. DOI: 10.1007/BF03011963
LeBlanc JM, Dasta JF, Kane-Gill SL. Role of the bispectral index in sedation monitoring in the ICU. Ann Pharmacother. 2006 Mar;40(3):490-500. DOI: 10.1345/aph.1E491
Lejeune C, Aubisson S, Simmat-Durand L, Cneude F, Piquet M, Gourarier L; Groupe d'Etudes Grossesse et addictions. Syndromes de sevrage des nouveau-nes de meres toxicomanes substituees par la methadone ou la buprenorphine haut dosage [Withdrawal syndromes of newborns of pregnant drug abusers maintained under methadone or high-dose buprenorphine: 246 cases]. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 2001 Nov;152 Suppl 7:21-7.
Lin Y, Chen J, Wang Z. Meta-analysis of factors which influence delirium following cardiac surgery. J Card Surg. 2012 Jul;27(4):481-92. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8191.2012.01472.x
Loepke AW. Developmental neurotoxicity of sedatives and anesthetics: a concern for neonatal and pediatric critical care medicine? Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2010 Mar;11(2):217-26. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181b80383
Loftus JR, Hill H, Cohen SE. Placental transfer and neonatal effects of epidural sufentanil and fentanyl administered with bupivacaine during labor. Anesthesiology. 1995 Aug;83(2):300-8. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199508000-00010
Lonergan E, Britton AM, Luxenberg J, Wyller T. Antipsychotics for delirium. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Apr 18;(2):CD005594. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005594.pub2
Lonergan E, Luxenberg J, Areosa Sastre A. Benzodiazepines for delirium. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4). DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006379.pub3
Luetz A, Heymann A, Radtke FM, Chenitir C, Neuhaus U, Nachtigall I, von Dossow V, Marz S, Eggers V, Heinz A, Wernecke KD, Spies CD. Different assessment tools for intensive care unit delirium: which score to use? Crit Care Med. 2010 Feb;38(2):409-18. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cabb42
Luetz A, Goldmann A, Weber-Carstens S, Spies C. Weaning from mechanical ventilation and sedation. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2012 Apr;25(2):164-9. DOI: 10.1097/ACO.0b013e32834f8ce7
Lynn A, Nespeca MK, Bratton SL, Strauss SG, Shen DD. Clearance of morphine in postoperative infants during intravenous infusion: the influence of age and surgery. Anesth Analg. 1998 May;86(5):958-63.
Machata AM, Illievich UM, Gustorff B, Gonano C, Fässler K, Spiss CK. Remifentanil for tracheal tube tolerance: a case control study. Anaesthesia. 2007 Aug;62(8):796-801. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05100.x
Madadi P, Ross CJ, Hayden MR, Carleton BC, Gaedigk A, Leeder JS, Koren G. Pharmacogenetics of neonatal opioid toxicity following maternal use of codeine during breastfeeding: a case-control study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Jan;85(1):31-5. DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2008.157
Marshall J, Finn CA, Theodore AC. Impact of a clinical pharmacist-enforced intensive care unit sedation protocol on duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay. Crit Care Med. 2008 Feb;36(2):427-33. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000300275.63811.B3
Martin J, Bäsell K, Bürkle H, Hommel J, Huth G, Kessler P, Kretz FJ, Putensen C, Quintel M, Tonner P, Tryba M, Scholz J, Schüttler J, Wappler F, Spies C. Analgesie und Sedierung in der Intensivmedizin - Kurzversion: S2-Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin. Anästhesiol Intensivmed. 2005;Suppl. 1:1-20.
Martorella G, Boitor M, Michaud C, Gélinas C. Feasibility and acceptability of hand massage therapy for pain management of postoperative cardiac surgery patients in the intensive care unit. Heart Lung. 2014 Sep-Oct;43(5):437-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2014.06.047
Massaro M, Pastore S, Ventura A, Barbi E. Pain in cognitively impaired children: a focus for general pediatricians. Eur J Pediatr. 2013 Jan;172(1):9-14. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-012-1720-x
Matthes G, Bernhard M, Kanz KG, Waydhas C, Fischbacher M, Fischer M, Böttiger BW. Notfallnarkose, Atemwegsmanagement und Beatmung beim Polytrauma. Hintergrund und Kernaussagen der interdisziplinären S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma [Emergency anesthesia, airway management and ventilation in major trauma. Background and key messages of the interdisciplinary S3 guidelines for major trauma patients]. Unfallchirurg. 2012 Mar;115(3):251-64; quiz 265-6. DOI: 10.1007/s00113-011-2138-z
McCunn M, Reynolds HN, Cottingham CA, Scalea TM, Habashi NM. Extracorporeal support in an adult with severe carbon monoxide poisoning and shock following smoke inhalation: a case report. Perfusion. 2000 Mar;15(2):169-73. DOI: 10.1177/026765910001500213
Mehta S, Burry L, Cook D, Fergusson D, Steinberg M, Granton J, Herridge M, Ferguson N, Devlin J, Tanios M, Dodek P, Fowler R, Burns K, Jacka M, Olafson K, Skrobik Y, Hébert P, Sabri E, Meade M; SLEAP Investigators. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Daily sedation interruption in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients cared for with a sedation protocol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012 Nov;308(19):1985-92. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.13872
Mehta S, Cook D, Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Meade M, Fergusson D, Herridge M, Steinberg M, Granton J, Ferguson N, Tanios M, Dodek P, Fowler R, Burns K, Jacka M, Olafson K, Mallick R, Reynolds S, Keenan S, Burry L; SLEAP Investigators; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of delirium in mechanically ventilated adults. Crit Care Med. 2015 Mar;43(3):557-66. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000727
Meiser A, Laubenthal H. Inhalational anaesthetics in the ICU: theory and practice of inhalational sedation in the ICU, economics, risk-benefit. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2005 Sep;19(3):523-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2005.02.006
Memis D, Inal MT, Kavalci G, Sezer A, Sut N. Intravenous paracetamol reduced the use of opioids, extubation time, and opioid-related adverse effects after major surgery in intensive care unit. J Crit Care. 2010 Sep;25(3):458-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2009.12.012
Millane TA, Bennett ED, Grounds RM. Isoflurane and propofol for long-term sedation in the intensive care unit. A crossover study. Anaesthesia. 1992 Sep;47(9):768-74. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1992.tb03254.x
Mirski MA, Hemstreet MK. Critical care sedation for neuroscience patients. J Neurol Sci. 2007 Oct;261(1-2):16-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.04.028
Monitto CL, Greenberg RS, Kost-Byerly S, Wetzel R, Billett C, Lebet RM, Yaster M. The safety and efficacy of parent-/nurse-controlled analgesia in patients less than six years of age. Anesth Analg. 2000 Sep;91(3):573-9. DOI: 10.1213/00000539-200009000-00014
Moore RP, Wester T, Sunder R, Schrock C, Park TS. Peri-operative pain management in children with cerebral palsy: comparative efficacy of epidural vs systemic analgesia protocols. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013 Aug;23(8):720-5. DOI: 10.1111/pan.12187
Morris LD, Louw QA, Grimmer-Somers K. The effectiveness of virtual reality on reducing pain and anxiety in burn injury patients: a systematic review. Clin J Pain. 2009 Nov-Dec;25(9):815-26. DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181aaa909
Moyer DD. Review article: terminal delirium in geriatric patients with cancer at end of life. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2011 Feb;28(1):44-51. DOI: 10.1177/1049909110376755
Muellejans B, Matthey T, Scholpp J, Schill M. Sedation in the intensive care unit with remifentanil/propofol versus midazolam/fentanyl: a randomised, open-label, pharmacoeconomic trial. Crit Care. 2006;10(3):R91. DOI: 10.1186/cc4939
Needham DM, Korupolu R, Zanni JM, Pradhan P, Colantuoni E, Palmer JB, Brower RG, Fan E. Early physical medicine and rehabilitation for patients with acute respiratory failure: a quality improvement project. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010 Apr;91(4):536-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.01.002
Ng E, Taddio A, Ohlsson A. Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD002052. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002052
Niederhoff H, Zahradnik HP. Analgesics during pregnancy. Am J Med. 1983 Nov 14;75(5A):117-20. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(83)90242-5
Nielsen GL, Sørensen HT, Larsen H, Pedersen L. Risk of adverse birth outcome and miscarriage in pregnant users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based observational study and case-control study. BMJ. 2001 Feb;322(7281):266-70. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.322.7281.266
Notarianni LJ, Oldham HG, Bennett PN. Passage of paracetamol into breast milk and its subsequent metabolism by the neonate. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1987 Jul;24(1):63-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03137.x
OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group. The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Available from: http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653
Ouimet S, Kavanagh BP, Gottfried SB, Skrobik Y. Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Jan;33(1):66-73. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-006-0399-8
Ouimet S, Riker R, Bergeron N, Bergeon N, Cossette M, Kavanagh B, Skrobik Y. Subsyndromal delirium in the ICU: evidence for a disease spectrum. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Jun;33(6):1007-13. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0618-y
Oyelese Y, Ananth CV. Postpartum hemorrhage: epidemiology, risk factors, and causes. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Mar;53(1):147-56. DOI: 10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181cc406d
Oztekin S, Hepaguslar H, Kar AA, Ozzeybek D, Artikaslan O, Elar Z. Preemptive diclofenac reduces morphine use after remifentanil-based anaesthesia for tonsillectomy. Paediatr Anaesth. 2002 Oct;12(8):694-9. DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.00950.x
Pandharipande P, Cotton BA, Shintani A, Thompson J, Pun BT, Morris JA Jr, Dittus R, Ely EW. Prevalence and risk factors for development of delirium in surgical and trauma intensive care unit patients. J Trauma. 2008 Jul;65(1):34-41. DOI: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31814b2c4d
Pandharipande P, Shintani A, Peterson J, Pun BT, Wilkinson GR, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients. Anesthesiology. 2006 Jan;104(1):21-6. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200601000-00005
Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC, Morandi A, Thompson JL, Pun BT, Brummel NE, Hughes CG, Vasilevskis EE, Shintani AK, Moons KG, Geevarghese SK, Canonico A, Hopkins RO, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW; BRAIN-ICU Study Investigators. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N Engl J Med. 2013 Oct;369(14):1306-16. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1301372
Panitchote A, Tangvoraphonkchai K, Suebsoh N, Eamma W, Chanthonglarng B, Tiamkao S, Limpawattana P. Under-recognition of delirium in older adults by nurses in the intensive care unit setting. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2015 Oct;27(5):735-40. DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0323-6
Parkinson L, Hughes J, Gill A, Billingham I, Ratcliffe J, Choonara I. A randomized controlled trial of sedation in the critically ill. Paediatr Anaesth. 1997;7(5):405-10. DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.1997.d01-109.x
Patel J, Baldwin J, Bunting P, Laha S. The effect of a multicomponent multidisciplinary bundle of interventions on sleep and delirium in medical and surgical intensive care patients. Anaesthesia. 2014 Jun;69(6):540-9. DOI: 10.1111/anae.12638
Patel P, Sun L. Update on neonatal anesthetic neurotoxicity: insight into molecular mechanisms and relevance to humans. Anesthesiology. 2009 Apr;110(4):703-8. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819c42a4
Perez-Barcena J, Llompart-Pou JA, Homar J, Abadal JM, Raurich JM, Frontera G, Brell M. Pentobarbital versus thiopental in the treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension in patients with traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2008;12(4):R112. DOI: 10.1186/cc6999
Perpiñá-Galvañ J, Richart-Martínez M. Scales for evaluating self-perceived anxiety levels in patients admitted to intensive care units: a review. Am J Crit Care. 2009 Nov;18(6):571-80. DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2009682
Pesonen A, Suojaranta-Ylinen R, Hammaren E, Kontinen VK, Raivio P, Tarkkila P, Rosenberg PH. Pregabalin has an opioid-sparing effect in elderly patients after cardiac surgery: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Br J Anaesth. 2011 Jun;106(6):873-81. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer083
Peters JW, Koot HM, Grunau RE, de Boer J, van Druenen MJ, Tibboel D, Duivenvoorden HJ. Neonatal Facial Coding System for assessing postoperative pain in infants: item reduction is valid and feasible. Clin J Pain. 2003 Nov-Dec;19(6):353-63. DOI: 10.1097/00002508-200311000-00003
Peterson JF, Pun BT, Dittus RS, Thomason JW, Jackson JC, Shintani AK, Ely EW. Delirium and its motoric subtypes: a study of 614 critically ill patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 Mar;54(3):479-84. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00621.x
Pham TN, Otto A, Young SR, Kramer CB, Heimbach DM, Gibran NS, Klein MB. Early withdrawal of life support in severe burn injury. J Burn Care Res. 2012 Jan-Feb;33(1):130-5. DOI: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e31823e598d
Pickering AE, Bridge HS, Nolan J, Stoddart PA. Double-blind, placebo-controlled analgesic study of ibuprofen or rofecoxib in combination with paracetamol for tonsillectomy in children. Br J Anaesth. 2002 Jan;88(1):72-7. DOI: 10.1093/bja/88.1.72
Piriyapatsom A, Bittner EA, Hines J, Schmidt UH. Sedation and paralysis. Respir Care. 2013 Jun;58(6):1024-37. DOI: 10.4187/respcare.02232
Pisani MA, Murphy TE, Araujo KL, Slattum P, Van Ness PH, Inouye SK. Benzodiazepine and opioid use and the duration of intensive care unit delirium in an older population. Crit Care Med. 2009 Jan;37(1):177-83. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318192fcf9
Pisani MA, Murphy TE, Van Ness PH, Araujo KL, Inouye SK. Characteristics associated with delirium in older patients in a medical intensive care unit. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Aug 13-27;167(15):1629-34. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.167.15.1629
Playfor SD. Analgesia and sedation in critically ill children. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2008 Jun;93(3):87-92. DOI: 10.1136/adc.2007.119628
Pöpping DM, Elia N, Marret E, Remy C, Tramèr MR. Protective effects of epidural analgesia on pulmonary complications after abdominal and thoracic surgery: a meta-analysis. Arch Surg. 2008 Oct;143(10):990-9; discussion 1000. DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.143.10.990
Prakanrattana U, Prapaitrakool S. Efficacy of risperidone for prevention of postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2007 Oct;35(5):714-9.
Pun BT, Gordon SM, Peterson JF, Shintani AK, Jackson JC, Foss J, Harding SD, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW. Large-scale implementation of sedation and delirium monitoring in the intensive care unit: a report from two medical centers. Crit Care Med. 2005 Jun;33(6):1199-205. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000166867.78320.AC
Quenot JP, Ladoire S, Devoucoux F, Doise JM, Cailliod R, Cunin N, Aubé H, Blettery B, Charles PE. Effect of a nurse-implemented sedation protocol on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2007 Sep;35(9):2031-6. DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000282733.83089.4d
Radtke FM, Heymann A, Franck M, Maechler F, Drews T, Luetz A, Nachtigall I, Wernecke KD, Spies CD. How to implement monitoring tools for sedation, pain and delirium in the intensive care unit: an experimental cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2012 Dec;38(12):1974-81. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-012-2658-1
Rahimi RA, Skrzat J, Reddy DR, Zanni JM, Fan E, Stephens RS, Needham DM. Physical rehabilitation of patients in the intensive care unit requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a small case series. Phys Ther. 2013 Feb;93(2):248-55. DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20120336
Richardson P, Mustard L. The management of pain in the burns unit. Burns. 2009 Nov;35(7):921-36. DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2009.03.003
Richman PS, Baram D, Varela M, Glass PS. Sedation during mechanical ventilation: a trial of benzodiazepine and opiate in combination. Crit Care Med. 2006 May;34(5):1395-401. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000215454.50964.F8
Riker RR, Fraser GL. Monitoring sedation, agitation, analgesia, neuromuscular blockade, and delirium in adult ICU patients. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;22(2):189-98. DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-13832
Riker RR, Shehabi Y, Bokesch PM, Ceraso D, Wisemandle W, Koura F, Whitten P, Margolis BD, Byrne DW, Ely EW, Rocha MG; SEDCOM (Safety and Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine Compared With Midazolam) Study Group. Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2009 Feb;301(5):489-99. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.56
Roberts DJ, Hall RI, Kramer AH, Robertson HL, Gallagher CN, Zygun DA. Sedation for critically ill adults with severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med. 2011 Dec;39(12):2743-51. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318228236f
Roberts I. Barbiturates for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000033. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000033
Robinson BR, Mueller EW, Henson K, Branson RD, Barsoum S, Tsuei BJ. An analgesia-delirium-sedation protocol for critically ill trauma patients reduces ventilator days and hospital length of stay. J Trauma. 2008 Sep;65(3):517-26. DOI: 10.1097/TA.0b013e318181b8f6
Ruokonen E, Parviainen I, Jakob SM, Nunes S, Kaukonen M, Shepherd ST, Sarapohja T, Bratty JR, Takala J. "Dexmedetomidine for Continuous Sedation" Investigators. Dexmedetomidine versus propofol/midazolam for long-term sedation during mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2009 Feb;35(2):282-90. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-008-1296-0
Sackey PV, Martling CR, Granath F, Radell PJ. Prolonged isoflurane sedation of intensive care unit patients with the Anesthetic Conserving Device. Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov;32(11):2241-6.
Schellongowski P, Riss K, Staudinger T, Ullrich R, Krenn CG, Sitzwohl C, Bojic A, Wohlfarth P, Sperr WR, Rabitsch W, Aigner C, Taghavi S, Jaksch P, Klepetko W, Lang G. Extracorporeal CO2 removal as bridge to lung transplantation in life-threatening hypercapnia. Transpl Int. 2015 Mar;28(3):297-304. DOI: 10.1111/tri.12486
Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. Injurious sleep behavior disorders (parasomnias) affecting patients on intensive care units. Intensive Care Med. 1991;17(4):219-24. DOI: 10.1007/BF01709881
Schieveld JN, Leroy PL, van Os J, Nicolai J, Vos GD, Leentjens AF. Pediatric delirium in critical illness: phenomenology, clinical correlates and treatment response in 40 cases in the pediatric intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Jun;33(6):1033-40. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0637-8
Schönhofer B, Geiseler J, Dellweg D, Moerer O, Barchfeld T, Fuchs H, Karg O, Rosseau S, Sitter H, Weber-Carstens S, Westhoff M, Windisch W. [Prolonged weaning: S2k-guideline published by the German Respiratory Society]. Pneumologie. 2014 Jan;68(1):19-75. DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1359038
Schwartz ML, Tator CH, Rowed DW, Reid SR, Meguro K, Andrews DF. The University of Toronto head injury treatment study: a prospective, randomized comparison of pentobarbital and mannitol. Can J Neurol Sci. 1984 Nov;11(4):434-40.
Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS, Nigos C, Pawlik AJ, Esbrook CL, Spears L, Miller M, Franczyk M, Deprizio D, Schmidt GA, Bowman A, Barr R, McCallister KE, Hall JB, Kress JP. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009 May 30;373(9678):1874-82. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60658-9
Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, Brophy GM, O'Neal PV, Keane KA, Tesoro EP, Elswick RK. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Nov;166(10):1338-44. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2107138
Seymour CW, Pandharipande PP, Koestner T, Hudson LD, Thompson JL, Shintani AK, Ely EW, Girard TD. Diurnal sedative changes during intensive care: impact on liberation from mechanical ventilation and delirium. Crit Care Med. 2012 Oct;40(10):2788-96. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31825b8ade
Seymour MP, Jefferies TM, Floyd AJ, Notarianni LJ. Routine determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analyst. 1987 Apr;112(4):427-31. DOI: 10.1039/an9871200427
Sharshar T, Citerio G, Andrews PJ, Chieregato A, Latronico N, Menon DK, Puybasset L, Sandroni C, Stevens RD. Neurological examination of critically ill patients: a pragmatic approach. Report of an ESICM expert panel. Intensive Care Med. 2014 Apr;40(4):484-95. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-014-3214-y
Shehabi Y, Bellomo R, Reade MC, Bailey M, Bass F, Howe B, McArthur C, Murray L, Seppelt IM, Webb S, Weisbrodt L; Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation Study Investigators; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group. Early goal-directed sedation versus standard sedation in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a pilot study*. Crit Care Med. 2013 Aug;41(8):1983-91. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828a437d
Shehabi Y, Bellomo R, Reade MC, Bailey M, Bass F, Howe B, McArthur C, Seppelt IM, Webb S, Weisbrodt L. Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE) Study Investigators; ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Early intensive care sedation predicts long-term mortality in ventilated critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Oct;186(8):724-31. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201203-0522OC
Shehabi Y, Riker RR, Bokesch PM, Wisemandle W, Shintani A, Ely EW; SEDCOM (Safety and Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine Compared With Midazolam) Study Group. Delirium duration and mortality in lightly sedated, mechanically ventilated intensive care patients. Crit Care Med. 2010 Dec;38(12):2311-8. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181f85759
Shehabi Y, Grant P, Wolfenden H, Hammond N, Bass F, Campbell M, Chen J. Prevalence of delirium with dexmedetomidine compared with morphine based therapy after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial (DEXmedetomidine COmpared to Morphine-DEXCOM Study). Anesthesiology. 2009 Nov;111(5):1075-84. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181b6a783
Shehabi Y, Chan L, Kadiman S, Alias A, Ismail WN, Tan MA, Khoo TM, Ali SB, Saman MA, Shaltut A, Tan CC, Yong CY, Bailey M; Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE) Study Group investigators. Sedation depth and long-term mortality in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults: a prospective longitudinal multicentre cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2013 May;39(5):910-8. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-013-2830-2
Silver G, Traube C, Kearney J, Kelly D, Yoon MJ, Nash Moyal W, Gangopadhyay M, Shao H, Ward MJ. Detecting pediatric delirium: development of a rapid observational assessment tool. Intensive Care Med. 2012 Jun;38(6):1025-31. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-012-2518-z
Skrobik Y, Ahern S, Leblanc M, Marquis F, Awissi DK, Kavanagh BP. Protocolized intensive care unit management of analgesia, sedation, and delirium improves analgesia and subsyndromal delirium rates. Anesth Analg. 2010 Aug;111(2):451-63. DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181d7e1b8
Smith HA, Brink E, Fuchs DC, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP. Pediatric delirium: monitoring and management in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2013 Jun;60(3):741-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2013.02.010
Smith HA, Boyd J, Fuchs DC, Melvin K, Berry P, Shintani A, Eden SK, Terrell MK, Boswell T, Wolfram K, Sopfe J, Barr FE, Pandharipande PP, Ely EW. Diagnosing delirium in critically ill children: Validity and reliability of the Pediatric Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit. Crit Care Med. 2011 Jan;39(1):150-7. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181feb489
Sommer W, Marsch G, Kaufeld T, Rontgen P, Beutel G, Tongers J, Warnecke G, Tudorache I, Schieffer B, Haverich A, Kuehn C. Cardiac awake extracorporeal life support-bridge to decision? Artif Organs. 2015 May;39(5):400-8. DOI: 10.1111/aor.12396
Spencer EM, Willatts SM. Isoflurane for prolonged sedation in the intensive care unit; efficacy and safety. Intensive Care Med. 1992;18(7):415-21. DOI: 10.1007/BF01694344
Spies CD, Dubisz N, Neumann T, Blum S, Müller C, Rommelspacher H, Brummer G, Specht M, Sanft C, Hannemann L, Striebel HW, Schaffartzik W. Therapy of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in intensive care unit patients following trauma: results of a prospective, randomized trial. Crit Care Med. 1996 Mar;24(3):414-22. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199603000-00009
Spies CD, Rommelspacher H. Alcohol withdrawal in the surgical patient: prevention and treatment. Anesth Analg. 1999 Apr;88(4):946-54.
Spies CD, Otter HE, Hüske B, Sinha P, Neumann T, Rettig J, Lenzenhuber E, Kox WJ, Sellers EM. Alcohol withdrawal severity is decreased by symptom-orientated adjusted bolus therapy in the ICU. Intensive Care Med. 2003 Dec;29(12):2230-8. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-003-2033-3
Steer PL, Biddle CJ, Marley WS, Lantz RK, Sulik PL. Concentration of fentanyl in colostrum after an analgesic dose. Can J Anaesth. 1992 Mar;39(3):231-5. DOI: 10.1007/BF03008782
Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A. Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(3):CD001069. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001069.pub2
Stevens B, McGrath P, Gibbins S, Beyene J, Breau L, Camfield C, Finley A, Franck L, Howlett A, McKeever P, O'Brien K, Ohlsson A, Yamada J. Procedural pain in newborns at risk for neurologic impairment. Pain. 2003 Sep;105(1-2):27-35.
Strom T, Martinussen T, Toft P. A protocol of no sedation for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2010 Feb 6;375(9713):475-80. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62072-9
Sun L. Early childhood general anaesthesia exposure and neurocognitive development. Br J Anaesth. 2010 Dec;105 Suppl 1:i61-8. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeq302
Swisher CB, Shah D, Sinha SR, Husain AM. Baseline EEG pattern on continuous ICU EEG monitoring and incidence of seizures. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;32(2):147-51. DOI: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000157
Tarkkila P, Saarnivaara L. Ketoprofen, diclofenac or ketorolac for pain after tonsillectomy in adults? Br J Anaesth. 1999 Jan;82(1):56-60. DOI: 10.1093/bja/82.1.56
Taylor A, Walker C, Butt W. Can children recall their experiences of admission to an intensive care unit? Crit Care Resusc. 2000 Dec;2(4):253-9.
The ADAPTE Collaboration. The ADAPTE Process: Toolkit for Guideline Adaptation. Version 2.0. 2009. Available from: http://www.g-i-n.net/document-store/working-groups-documents/adaptation/adapte-resource-toolkit-guideline-adaptation-2-0.pdf
Thulstrup AM, Sørensen HT, Nielsen GL, Andersen L, Barrett D, Vilstrup H, Olsen J. Fetal growth and adverse birth outcomes in women receiving prescriptions for acetaminophen during pregnancy. EuroMap Study Group. Am J Perinatol. 1999;16(7):321-6. DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-993879
Tipping CJ, Young PJ, Romero L, Saxena MK, Dulhunty J, Hodgson CL. A systematic review of measurements of physical function in critically ill adults. Crit Care Resusc. 2012 Dec;14(4):302-11.
Tobias JD, Berkenbosch JW. Sedation during mechanical ventilation in infants and children: dexmedetomidine versus midazolam. South Med J. 2004 May;97(5):451-5. DOI: 10.1097/00007611-200405000-00007
Tramm R, Hodgson C, Ilic D, Sheldrake J, Pellegrino V. Identification and prevalence of PTSD risk factors in ECMO patients: A single centre study. Aust Crit Care. 2015 Feb;28(1):31-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.aucc.2014.04.005
Triltsch AE, Welte M, von Homeyer P, Grosse J, Genähr A, Moshirzadeh M, Sidiropoulos A, Konertz W, Kox WJ, Spies CD. Bispectral index-guided sedation with dexmedetomidine in intensive care: a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled phase II study. Crit Care Med. 2002 May;30(5):1007-14. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200205000-00009
Trogrlic Z, van der Jagt M, Bakker J, Balas MC, Ely EW, van der Voort PH, Ista E. A systematic review of implementation strategies for assessment, prevention, and management of ICU delirium and their effect on clinical outcomes. Crit Care. 2015;19:157. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-0886-9
Tsui SL, Irwin MG, Wong CM, Fung SK, Hui TW, Ng KF, Chan WS, O'Reagan AM. An audit of the safety of an acute pain service. Anaesthesia. 1997 Nov;52(11):1042-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1997.232-az0371.x
Umunna BP, Tekwani K, Barounis D, Kettaneh N, Kulstad E. Ketamine for continuous sedation of mechanically ventilated patients. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2015 Jan-Mar;8(1):11-5. DOI: 10.4103/0974-2700.145414
Van Rompaey B, Elseviers MM, Schuurmans MJ, Shortridge-Baggett LM, Truijen S, Bossaert L. Risk factors for delirium in intensive care patients: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2009;13(3):R77. DOI: 10.1186/cc7892
Van Rompaey B, Elseviers MM, Van Drom W, Fromont V, Jorens PG. The effect of earplugs during the night on the onset of delirium and sleep perception: a randomized controlled trial in intensive care patients. Crit Care. 2012;16(3):R73. DOI: 10.1186/cc11330
Vandermeulen EP, Van Aken H, Vermylen J. Anticoagulants and spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1994 Dec;79(6):1165-77. DOI: 10.1213/00000539-199412000-00024
Vasilevskis EE, Morandi A, Boehm L, Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC, Thompson JL, Shintani A, Gordon SM, Pun BT, Ely EW. Delirium and sedation recognition using validated instruments: reliability of bedside intensive care unit nursing assessments from 2007 to 2010. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 Nov;59 Suppl 2:S249-55. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03673.x
Verlaat CW, Heesen GP, Vet NJ, de Hoog M, van der Hoeven JG, Kox M, Pickkers P. Randomized controlled trial of daily interruption of sedatives in critically ill children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2014 Feb;24(2):151-6. DOI: 10.1111/pan.12245
Viitanen H, Tuominen N, Vaaraniemi H, Nikanne E, Annila P. Analgesic efficacy of rectal acetaminophen and ibuprofen alone or in combination for paediatric day-case adenoidectomy. Br J Anaesth. 2003 Sep;91(3):363-7. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeg196
van Dijk M, de Boer JB, Koot HM, Tibboel D, Passchier J, Duivenvoorden HJ. The reliability and validity of the COMFORT scale as a postoperative pain instrument in 0 to 3-year-old infants. Pain. 2000 Feb;84(2-3):367-77. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00239-0
van Dijk M, Roofthooft DW, Anand KJ, Guldemond F, de Graaf J, Simons S, de Jager Y, van Goudoever JB, Tibboel D. Taking up the challenge of measuring prolonged pain in (premature) neonates: the COMFORTneo scale seems promising. Clin J Pain. 2009 Sep;25(7):607-16. DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181a5b52a
van den Boogaard M, Schoonhoven L, van Achterberg T, van der Hoeven JG, Pickkers P. Haloperidol prophylaxis in critically ill patients with a high risk for delirium. Crit Care. 2013;17(1):R9. DOI: 10.1186/cc11933
Wade D, Hardy R, Howell D, Mythen M. Identifying clinical and acute psychological risk factors for PTSD after critical care: a systematic review. Minerva Anestesiol. 2013 Aug;79(8):944-63.
Walder B, Elia N, Henzi I, Romand JR, Tramèr MR. A lack of evidence of superiority of propofol versus midazolam for sedation in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a qualitative and quantitative systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2001 Apr;92(4):975-83. DOI: 10.1097/00000539-200104000-00033
Wang HR, Woo YS, Bahk WM. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013 Jul;67(5):323-31. DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12066
Wang W, Li HL, Wang DX, Zhu X, Li SL, Yao GQ, Chen KS, Gu XE, Zhu SN. Haloperidol prophylaxis decreases delirium incidence in elderly patients after noncardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial*. Crit Care Med. 2012 Mar;40(3):731-9. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182376e4f
Wang X, Ding X, Tong Y, Zong J, Zhao X, Ren H, Li Q. Ketamine does not increase intracranial pressure compared with opioids: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Anesth. 2014 Dec;28(6):821-7. DOI: 10.1007/s00540-014-1845-3
Ward CG, Loepke AW. Anesthetics and sedatives: toxic or protective for the developing brain? Pharmacol Res. 2012 Mar;65(3):271-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.10.001
Ward JD, Becker DP, Miller JD, Choi SC, Marmarou A, Wood C, Newlon PG, Keenan R. Failure of prophylactic barbiturate coma in the treatment of severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 1985 Mar;62(3):383-8. DOI: 10.3171/jns.1985.62.3.0383
Warden V, Hurley AC, Volicer L. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003 Jan-Feb;4(1):9-15. DOI: 10.1097/01.JAM.0000043422.31640.F7
Warncke T, Stubhaug A, Jørum E. Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, suppresses spatial and temporal properties of burn-induced secondary hyperalgesia in man: a double-blind, cross-over comparison with morphine and placebo. Pain. 1997 Aug;72(1-2):99-106. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00006-7
Warner KJ, Cuschieri J, Jurkovich GJ, Bulger EM. Single-dose etomidate for rapid sequence intubation may impact outcome after severe injury. J Trauma. 2009 Jul;67(1):45-50. DOI: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181a92a70
Warren J, Fromm RE Jr, Orr RA, Rotello LC, Horst HM. American College of Critical Care Medicine. Guidelines for the inter- and intrahospital transport of critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2004 Jan;32(1):256-62. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000104917.39204.0A
Wasiak J, Mahar P, McGuinness SK, Spinks A, Danilla S, Cleland H. Intravenous lidocaine for the treatment of background or procedural burn pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jun 13;6:CD005622. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005622.pub3
Whalen LD, Di Gennaro JL, Irby GA, Yanay O, Zimmerman JJ. Long-term dexmedetomidine use and safety profile among critically ill children and neonates. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2014 Oct;15(8):706-14. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000200
Whitlock EL, Torres BA, Lin N, Helsten DL, Nadelson MR, Mashour GA, Avidan MS. Postoperative delirium in a substudy of cardiothoracic surgical patients in the BAG-RECALL clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2014 Apr;118(4):809-17. DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000028
Wielenga JM, De Vos R, de Leeuw R, De Haan RJ. COMFORT scale: a reliable and valid method to measure the amount of stress of ventilated preterm infants. Neonatal Netw. 2004 Mar-Apr;23(2):39-44. DOI: 10.1891/0730-0832.23.2.39
Wijeysundera DN, Beattie WS, Austin PC, Hux JE, Laupacis A. Epidural anaesthesia and survival after intermediate-to-high risk non-cardiac surgery: a population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2008 Aug 16;372(9638):562-9. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61121-6
Wilcox ME, Brummel NE, Archer K, Ely EW, Jackson JC, Hopkins RO. Cognitive dysfunction in ICU patients: risk factors, predictors, and rehabilitation interventions. Crit Care Med. 2013 Sep;41(9 Suppl 1):S81-98. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182a16946
Witlox J, Eurelings LS, de Jonghe JF, Kalisvaart KJ, Eikelenboom P, van Gool WA. Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010 Jul;304(4):443-51. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2010.1013
Young C, Knudsen N, Hilton A, Reves JG. Sedation in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2000 Mar;28(3):854-66. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200003000-00041
Zhang Z, Pan L, Ni H. Impact of delirium on clinical outcome in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013 Mar-Apr;35(2):105-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.11.003